BETWEEN THE FOREIGN AND THE FAMILIAR: THE PORTUGUESE, THE INQUISITION, AND LOCAL SOCIETY IN CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, 1550-1700 By BRIAN HAMM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Brian Hamm To Elyssa ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My first and deepest note of thanks goes to my advisors, Ida Altman and Nina Caputo. From the beginning of my time at the University of Florida, Ida has been a most encouraging mentor who has supported this project with unfailing generosity. At every stage, I could always count on her perceptive judgment and sagacious advice. Likewise, Nina has been an invaluable source of support and inspiration from my very first year in graduate school. In particular, she has always pushed me to expand my scholarly horizons and to pursue lines of inquiry that I had not considered. I also owe a great debt to Jessica Harland-Jacobs, who has provided much encouragement and guidance over the years. I would also like to thank David Geggus and Efraín Barradas for their comments and critiques of this work. In countless ways, both large and small, different scholars have contributed to the development of this project. I want to especially recognize David Wheat, Pedro Cardim, and Ben Ehlers for their advice and support over the years. I am also deeply indebted to my undergraduate professors and mentors at Pepperdine University, especially Stewart Davenport, Donald Marshall, Darlene Rivas, and Sharyl Corrado. This dissertation is built on three separate research trips to Spain, which would not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Center for Latin American Studies, the Center for European Studies, the Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, and the Graduate School at the University of Florida. I am also very grateful to the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences for a dissertation completion award that enabled me to write the final chapters in relative tranquility. The History Department at the University of Florida has been a marvelous place to learn and grow as a scholar. I am deeply grateful to all of my professors for their engaging seminars and continued interest and support of my work. I would also be quite remiss if I did not express 4 my gratitude to my fellow graduate students for their good humor and steadfast encouragement. I want to especially thank Shannon Lalor, Daniel Conigliaro, Rebecca Devlin, Reid Weber, Lexi Baldacci, Jessica Taylor, Andrew Welton, Bryan Kozik, Alana Lord, Matt Koval, and Cacey Farnsworth, who helped make these years in graduate school an immense joy. Finally, I cannot begin to express the profound gratitude that I feel for all of the love and inspriation that I have received from my family. My parents, Robert and Donna Hamm, have steadfastly supported my education at every stage, from preschool to the Ph.D. Their example and encouragement have continually motivated me to take full advantage of whatever opportunities arise and to fight against whatever obstacles might stand in the way. I have been privileged to share the past several years with my beloved wife, Elyssa, who has been a devoted partner through good times and bad. She has helped me become not only a better historian, but also (and far more importantly) a better husband and father. This dissertation is dedicated to her. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................10 2 HISTORIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY ......................................................................................23 Crypto-Judaism and the Inquisition ........................................................................................24 Legal, Socio-Economic, and Political Questions ...................................................................41 Recent Developments .............................................................................................................57 3 RENEGADES AND REDEMPTION IN THE AGE OF DRAKE ........................................69 The Value of Pilots .................................................................................................................73 The Danger of Renegades .......................................................................................................78 Spanish Responses ..................................................................................................................88 Spanish Traitors, Portuguese Allies ........................................................................................93 Ambiguous Motivations .......................................................................................................104 A Catholic/Protestant Paradigm ...........................................................................................109 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................113 4 PORTUGUESE BEFORE THE CARTAGENA INQUISITION, 1610-1635 .....................116 An Inquisitorial Experiment .................................................................................................125 Early Failures ........................................................................................................................131 Inquisitorial Perceptions of Portuguese Nationality .............................................................141 Few Judaizante Cases ...........................................................................................................150 The Revealing Case of Diego de Mesa .................................................................................158 5 LA COMPLICIDAD PEQUEÑA.........................................................................................165 A “Complicity of Jews” in Cartagena ..................................................................................173 The Cofradía de Holanda ......................................................................................................187 The Auto de Fe of 1638 and the Endurance of the Status Quo ............................................205 Outcomes and Consequences ...............................................................................................216 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................220 6 AFTER 1640: RUPTURE AND CONTINUITY .................................................................224 The Plot of the Conde de Castelmelhor ................................................................................226 Jesuit Connections ................................................................................................................238 6 Within the Sephardic Orbit ...................................................................................................250 7 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................268 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................275 Archival Sources ...................................................................................................................275 Printed Primary Sources .......................................................................................................275 Secondary Sources ................................................................................................................278 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................298 7 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BETWEEN THE FOREIGN AND THE FAMILIAR: THE PORTUGUESE, THE INQUISITION, AND LOCAL SOCIETY IN CARTAGENA DE INDIAS, 1550-1700 By Brian Hamm August 2017 Chair: Ida Altman Cochair: Nina Caputo Major: History In studying the complex history of the Portuguese in colonial Spanish America, scholars have long emphasized how the Portuguese were consistently categorized as foreigners, as well as frequently suspected of secretly practicing Judaism. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the Inquisition looms large in these historical narratives. However, Spanish-Portuguese relations in the New World were never uniformly negative. This dissertation seeks to rectify these one-sided portrayals of the Lusitanian presence in the Spanish Indies, arguing that the Portuguese were always situated between the foreign and the familiar, simultaneously negotiating societal pressures of both exclusion and integration. Ultimately, the central question rested on individual loyalty and fidelity—to the local community, the Spanish Crown, and the Catholic faith. This dissertation examines how these questions of loyalty and disloyalty, fidelity and perfidy were investigated and answered in the vital port city of Cartagena de Indias. As the primary entry point of both the slave trade and the silver fleets into