THE ROLE REGIME TYPE PLAYS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE COOPERATION: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA AND ISRAEL. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Administration in the Department of Political Studies, University of the Western Cape. By Dean John Walbrugh Supervisor: Professor Joelien Pretorius July 2019 KEYWORDS South Africa Israel Intelligence Cooperation Regime Type South African State Security Agency (SSA) Mossad Culture Identity Realism Liberalism Constructivism i ABSTRACT This thesis explores the intelligence cooperation exhibited between South Africa and Israel during the time periods of apartheid (1948-1994) and post-apartheid (1994-2015). Regime type is explored as a factor impacting on the intelligence relationship in both periods. Pertinent to the case study is the fact that South Africa and Israel’s regime type shared commonalities during the first period, but not the second. The thesis examines how these commonalities facilitated intelligence cooperation during apartheid, then turns to the question how the change in South Africa’s regime type after 1994 (whilst Israel’s remained the same) impacted on intelligence cooperation. In order to understand the significance of South Africa’s regime change on the intelligence relationship between the two states, a comprehensive theoretical framework is proposed in order to analyse how and why the internal policies of the two states redirected their intelligence relationship. Within this thesis, the concept of regime type is not used in a conventional way, it is framed through a constructivist notion that includes a focus on identity and how this shapes the two states’ intelligence bureaucratic behaviour. This constructivist framing is in turn juxtaposed to two other International Relations (IR) theories, namely: realism and liberalism. This thesis therefore explores how the system of apartheid in South Africa and a system that has been compared to apartheid in Israel brought the two states together on a national interest level. But, what constituted the perceived alignment of national interests and filtered down into a bureaucratic level is better understood through the constructivist notion of culture and identity that actually solidified the relationship. Culture and identity formed the basis of what made the relationship between the two states strong, and as per the focus of this thesis, manifested in intelligence cooperation between the two states that goes over and beyond what Realists would predict. Although liberalism can explain the apartheid relationship better, it cannot explain why the relationship was not severed after apartheid. Since the end of apartheid, the intelligence relationship has been deteriorating, but this has been a gradual process. This study investigates how regime type impact on intelligence cooperation. It applies the three main IR theories in order to explain and understand the post-apartheid South Africa-Israel relationship. It finds that although Realism and Liberalism are useful, interpreting regime type in a constructivist way adds significantly to explanations of the role regime type plays. ii DECLARATION I declare that The role regime type plays with respect to intelligence cooperation: the case of South Africa and Israel is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Dean John Walbrugh January 2019 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, a big thanks to my parents (Clive and Joan) for providing me with all the resources to reach this educational milestone, it is truly appreciated. I know there has been lots of sacrifices along the way on your behalf and I just want to say thank you for providing me with the necessary backing to allow me to be where I am today. Devon, Dale, Chanel and Taylor thank you for the support and always being there for me and supporting me in my choices and encouragement along the way. To Cindy, you were instrumental in my university career, helping me in the early parts of it to a monumental degree and for that I thank you. To my aunts, uncles and cousins for always being there with me on this journey and helping where needed. To the Political Studies department: Prof. Pretorius, your patience and tutelage made this possible, this wasn’t an easy road but as a supervisor you kept me on the right track. Thank you for providing me with the proper guidance that was needed to allow me to produce this paper, the guidance wasn’t always what I wanted to hear but it was what was needed. So, all I can say is thank you and all your efforts were really appreciated. Prof. Piper, thank you for providing me the funding in the manner that you did, so I want to thank you for that from myself and my parents. Prof. Africa, thank you for always having your door open for me when it came to any issue throughout my time at UWC. Your calm and measured approach to not only teaching but the various problems I witnessed you solve has made me stop and think “how would Prof A handle this”, something I will take with me going forward. Mr (or should I say Dr) Hoskins, our informal talks would always spark something intellectual or provide a little nudge about finishing my studies so thank you for that. Dr. Anciano thank you for always being available for advice on my thesis documentation and Meshay Moses for always assisting me where you could with my thesis. Lastly a special thanks to Nadia Jansen for everything you done throughout my time with the Politics department, I’ve always appreciated everything you did for me big or small. Thanks to Best Beats TV for having amazing mixes that helped with all the long late nights and to all my friends, colleagues, acquaintances that have helped me achieve this, there has been too many to mention, thank you all. Forever Grateful… Dean John Walbrugh iv Abbreviations African National Congress ANC African Union AU Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Boycott Divestment Sanctions BDS British Exit from European Union Brexit Bureau of State Security BOSS Canadian Communications Security Establishment CSE Central Intelligence Agency CIA Convention for a Democratic South Africa CODESA Electronic Communications Security COMSEC Democratic Peace Theory DPT Department of Foreign Affairs DFA Department of Military Intelligence DMI Department of Intelligence and Security DIS Department of International Relations and Cooperation DIRCO Director-General DG Direccion de Inteligencia DGI Australian Defence Signals Directorate DSD European Economic Community EEC European Police EUROPOL European Union EU External Relations Department ERD Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI v Human Intelligence Humint Imagery Intelligence Imint Intelligence Services Council on Conditions of Employment ISC Inkatha Freedom Party IFP International Relations IR Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ISIS Israel Defense Force IDF Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence JSCI Kamitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti KGB Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation GRU Measurement and Signature Intelligence Masint National Communications Centre NCC National Executive Committee NEC National Intelligence Agency NIA National Intelligence Co-ordinating Committee NICOC National Intelligence Service NIS National Party NP National Security Agency NSA New Zealand Government Communications Security Bureau GCSB North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO NATO Intelligence Fusion Centre NIFC Office for Interception Centre OIC Organization of African Unity OAU vi Palestinian Authority PA Palestinian Liberation Organization PLO Politico-Military Council PMC Promotion of Access to Information Act PAIA Protection of Information Bill PIB Signals Intelligence Sigint South African Defense Force SADF South African National Academy of Intelligence SANAI South African National Defence Force SANDF South African Police SAP South African Police Service SAPS South African Secret Service SASS South African State Security Agency SSA State Security Council SSC Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei TBVC Umkhonto we Sizwe MK United Kingdom UK United Kingdom United States of America Intelligence Agreement UKUSA (Five Eyes) United Nations UN United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNHCR United States of America USA Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ZANLA Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU vii CONTENTS Key Words i Abstract ii Declaration iii Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations v Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Research Question and Proposition 3 1.3 Research Design and Methodology 3 1.3.1 Research Design 3 1.3.2 Method of Data Collection 5 1.3.3 Data Analysis 5 1.3.4 The ethical sensitivity pertaining to leaked documents 6 1.4 Significance of Study 6 1.5 Limitation of Study 7 1.6 Structure 7 1.7 Conclusion 8 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Conceptual Frameworks 9 2.2.1 Regime Type 9 2.2.2 Intelligence 10 2.2.3 Intelligence sharing/Cooperation and Alliances 13 2.2.4 Foreign Policy 15 2.2.5 Identity 16 2.2.5.1 Pariah State 17 2.2.5.2 Siege Mentality 17 2.3 Theoretical Approaches 18 2.3.1 Realism 18 viii 2.3.1.1 Neorealism (Structural Realism) 19 2.3.1.2 Realism and Intelligence Cooperation 21 2.3.2 Liberalism 25 2.3.2.1 Republican Liberalism 26 2.3.2.2 Democratic Peace Theory 27 2.3.3.3 Liberal Democratic Peace Theory and Intelligence Sharing 30 2.3.3 Constructivism 31 2.3.3.1 Culture and Constructivism