s;=-:-1 Environment and Development in the Pacific Islands Environment and Development in the Pacific Islands Edited by Ben Burt and Christian Clerk Published jointly by National Centre for Development Studies Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra Pacific Policy Paper 25 and University of Papua New Guinea Press Port Moresby r © National Centre for Development Studies 1997 This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. This book is a joint publication of the National Centre for Development Studies, Australia and University of Papua New Guinea Press. The contribution of the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) towards the publication of this series is gratefully acknowledged. The opinions contained in the series are those of the authors, and not necessarily of the National Centre for Development Studies or of AusAID. ISSN 0817-0444 ISBN 0 7315 2351 2 National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Burt, Ben Environment and development in the Pacific Islands Bibliography. Includes index. ISBN 0 7315 2351 2. 1. Economic development-Environmental aspects-Pacific Area. 2. Environmental Policy-Pacific Area. I. Development Studies. II. Title. (Series: Pacific policy papers; 25). 363.70091823 1. Series editor: Maree Tait Editor: Kate Evers Pagemaker: Tikka Wilson Cover design: LujanSheen Design Cover photograph: Honiara 1991, AusAID Printed in Australia by Paragon Printers Contents Contributors viii Foreword ix Abbreviations x Map of the Pacific Islands xiii 1. Environment and development in the Pacific Islands: introduction Ben Burtand Christian Clerk 2. Harmonising resources for sustainable economic development in the Pacific Islands context 22 Sitiveni Halapua 3. Sustainability and the limitations of government: a response to Halapua 30 John Cameron 4. Who controls development? 34 SulianaSiwatibau 5. Forest futures for Papua New Guinea: logging or community forestry? 45 MaxHenderson 6. Logging and resource dependency in Papua New Guinea: a response to Henderson 69 Colin Filer 7. International trade for local development: the case of western Solomon Islands fair trade 78 JaapSchep 8. The Melanesian way of menacing the mining industry 91 Colin Filer 9. Fisheries and coastal resources: knowledge and development in the Pacific Islands 123 Edvard Hviding 10. From taro garden to golf-course? alternative futures for Pacific Islands agriculture 143 limBay liss-Smith 11. Pacific values and the economics of land use: a response to Bayliss-Smith 171 Paul Sillitoe v 12. Building upon local culture for community development 185 Hugh Govan 13. Ecotourism and national development in the Pacific 201 Peter Bums 14. Public policy for a healthier population in the South Pacific 216 John Cameron 15. Cultural patterns in Pacific Islands health: a response to Cameron 239 AndreaTuisovuna 16. Changes in the global environment: uncertain prospects for the Pacific 243 Tom Spencer 17. Dealing with uncertain prospects: a response to Spencer 264 Christian Clerk 18. Pacific-Europe links for sustainable development and environmental management 269 Akuila Yabaki Appendix: Pacific Islands links 289 vi I Environment and development in the Pacific Islands Tables and figures Tables Table 5.1 Raw log exports from Papua New Guinea 49 Table 5. 2 Post-logging survey 56 Table 10. 1 The land use succession in Hawaii 144 Table 10. 2 Forms of capital: natural, landesque, productive and finance 147 Table 13. 1 Ecotourism profiles for five Pacific Island nations 211 Table 13.2 Players and their concept of responsibility and success in tourism 213 Figures Figure 5. 1 Yearly exports of logs and other forest products 52 Figure 5. 2 Export log price trend in Papua New Guinea 53 Figure 5. 3 Papua New Guinea log exports by country of destination 53 Figure 5. 4 Total production and log exports 54 Figure 16. 1 Downward revision of 'best guess' estimates and range of estimates for predicted sea-level rise to 2100 AD 245 Figure 16.2 Rates on Pacific Ocean basin and basin margin postglacial coral reef growth from dated drillcore material by tectonic settings 249 Figure 16.3 Rates of contemporary coral reef growth from studies of reef flat water chemistry 250 Figure 16. 4 Predominant cyclone tracks in relation to major coral reef areas 251 Figure 16.5 Ocean-Atmosphere characteristics of the El nine-South Oscillation phenomenon 254 Figure 16.6 Scale in environmental change modelling and the cumulative increase in predictive uncertainty 255 Symbols used in tables n.a. not applicable not available zero insignificant vii Contributors Tim Bayliss-Smith Department of Geography, Cambridge University, United Kingdom Peter Burns The Business School, University of North London, United Kingdom Ben Burt British Museum, London, United Kingdom John Cameron School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Christian Clerk The Open University, London, United Kingdom Colin Filer National Research Institute, Boroko, Papua New Guinea Hugh Govan Marine Resources Consultant, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Sitiveni Halapua Pacific Islands Development Program, Hawaii Max Henderson Pacific Heritage Foundation, Rabaul, Papua New Guinea Edvard Hviding Department of Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway JaapSchep Solomon Western Islands Fair Trade, (SWIFT), Brummen, The Netherlands Paul Sillitoe Department of Anthropology, University of Durham, United Kingdom Suliana Siwatibau Environmental Consultant, Vanuatu Tom Spencer Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Andrea Tuisovuna Health and Social ServicesConsultant, London, United Kingdom Akuila Yabaki Methodist Church Overseas Division, London, United Kingdom viii I Environment and development in the Pacific Islands Foreword Ben Burtand Christian Clerk This book is intended to promote Europe-Pacific Islands relationships in support of environmentally appropriate human development, andits publication has been made possible by several organisations concerned for this purpose. Most of the chapters derive from a conference organised in 1995 by the Pacific Islands Society of the United Kingdom and Ireland (PISUKI) and the United Kingdom Foundation for the South Pacific (UKFSP), with funding from the European Centre for Studies, Information and Education of Pacific Issues (ECSIEP). An important theme running through the book is the way Pacific Islands' links with the wider world, the cause of so many problems for its peoples and environments, may also assist in solutions. But there are many areas of contention and, to do justice to the complexity of the issues, several chapters are complemented by short responses from alternative perspectives, reflecting debates raised at the conference. The cost of publication has been supported by ECSIEP and PISUKI, with the particular intention of making the book available to people and organisations in the Pacific Islands. We would like to thank Roger Barltrop, Chairman of PISUKI, Dorothy Mcintosh, Director of UKFSP, and Madeleen Helmer, Co-ordinator of ECSIEP, for their personal support for both the conference and the book. Special thanks go to Akuila Yabaki, a prime exponent of Pacific Islands-Europe links, whose roles in these organisations and several others made the project possible. Colin Filer also provided important support beyond the chapters he contributed, and Kate Evers dealt with the task of editing 18 disparate chapters. We are grateful to to the National Centre for Development Studies for its financial and professional support for the publication of the book. ix Abbreviations ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries ADB Asia Development Bank AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BCL Bougainville Copper Limited BHP Broken Hill Proprietary Limited CDC Commonwealth Development Corporation CRC Community Resource Conservation DMP domestic mode of production DSE Development Services Exchange ECSIEP European Centre for Studies, Information and Education on Pacific Issues ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific EU European Union FA O United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation FCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change FFA Forum Fisheries Agency FNCs Food and Nutrition Committees FSC Forest Stewardship Council FSM Federated States of Micronesia GAIT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GBRMPA Great Barrier Reer Marine Park Authority GDP gross domestic product GEF Global Environmental Facility GNP gross national product HIES Household Income and Expenditure Survey ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Programme IHDP Integrated Human Development Programme x I Environment and development in the Pacific Islands IOOC Interchurch Organisation for Development Co-operation IPCC IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Control IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KOC Kare-Puga Development Corporation LNG liquid natural gas NIIRAB Migration, Remittances, Aid and Bureaucracy l\1KAM Mount Kare Alluvial Mining MID Marketing and Transport Division NANGO National Association of non-governmentalorganisations NEMS National Environmental Management Strategies NFIP Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement NFS National Forest Service NGOs non-governmental organisations NIOC National Interactive Development