Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05579-7 - Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa: Physical and Human Dimensions Edited by Jasper Knight and Stefan W. Grab Index More information Index /Xam Bushmen, 392 Bokoni, 401–402 Bond’s springbok, 297, 299 Acheulean, 106, 349, 357, 362 Boomplaas Cave, 392 Aeolian sand, 146 Border Cave, 77, 107, 379, 385 Aeolianite, 92, 209, 227 Bovids, 380 African Humid Period, 275 Braamhoek, 197, 311, 333–334 African Superswell, 32, 88 Breede River, 95 African Surfaces, 10, 26, 33, 35–36, 414 Bushveld Complex, 22 Afromontane forest, 313 Agropastoralism, 407 C3/C4 grasslands, 95, 273, 335, 337 Agulhas Bank, 91, 94, 203, 225 Calcrete, 102, 111, 225, 242 Agulhas Current, 205 Canteen Kopje, 355, 359, 362 Albany thicket, 94 Cape Fold Belt, 12, 89, 124 Alexandria dunefield, 206, 211 Cape Supergroup, 24, 124 Algoa Bay, 25, 206 Carbonate cementation, 211 Alluvial fans, 38 Carbonate rocks, 251 Anabranching rivers, 173 Catenas, 238 Anthropocene, 339, 416, 424 Cave of Hearths, 362 Anthropological turn, 399 Cave systems, 251, 420 Ardipithecus, 49, 51 Cederberg, 275, 313 Aridity, 9 Cenotes, 252 Australopithecus,49–50, 52, 58, 74 Cenozoic, 1, 8, 30, 39 Australopithecus sediba, 106 Charaman Industry, 363 Avulsion, 175, 177 Charcoal, 307, 314 Awash Valley, 68 Chemical weathering, 235 Cirques, 124 Barberton Supergroup, 20 Clarens Formation, 124 Barrier dunes, 92, 213 Climate aridity, 155 Bauxite, 245 Climate change, 412 Beachrock, 207, 211, 227 Climate feedbacks, 31 Benguela Current, 204–205, 337 Climate modelling, 129 Benguela Upwelling Zone, 333–334 Climate reconstruction, 317 Biogeographic patterns, 289 Coastal dunes, 204 Biomes, 270, 279, 286, 308 Coastal plain, 89, 93, 96, 203, 225 Black wildebeest, 285, 292 Coccoliths, 333, 338 Blesbok, 291 Cognitive complexity, 379 Blockstreams, 130 Cold Air Cave, 109, 258, 262 Blombos Cave, 211, 376, 379 Colluvial sediments, 104, 137, 141, 144 Blood Reef, 208 Congo basin, 39 Blue wildebeest, 295 Continental shelf, 91 432 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05579-7 - Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa: Physical and Human Dimensions Edited by Jasper Knight and Stefan W. Grab Index More information Index 433 Cornelia, 360 Fluvial climate records, 172 Cornelian mammalian assemblage, 285, 289 Fluvial systems, 174 Cornelia-Uitzoek, 295 Foraminifera, 330, 333, 337 Cosmogenic dating, 5, 35, 100, 415 Forcing–response, 413 Cradle of Humankind, 77, 350 Fynbos, 94, 273, 286, 311, 313 Cretaceous, 26 Crevice Cave, 258 Gariep belt, 31 Cultural landscapes, 419 Geoarchaeology, 420, 422 Geochronology, 99 Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, 4, 95 Geological history, 5 Dante Cave, 263 Geomorphic models, 141 Davisian theory, 10 Geomorphological sensitivity, 182, 415 Dendroclimatology, 406 Glacial moraines, 125 Denudation rates, 140 Glacial–interglacial cycles, 96 Diatoms, 228, 329–331, 336–337 Glacioisostasy, 90 Diepkloof Cave, 107, 313 Gladysvale, 258, 292, 358 Dongas, 180 Gold reefs, 21 Drakensberg Group, 25 Golden Gate, 145 Drakensberg Range, 103, 124, 129 Goldsmith’s, 358 Duinefontein, 106, 361 Gondwana, 23–24, 26 Dune cordons, 205 Gondwana breakup, 90 Dune dynamics, 156 Great Escarpment, 2, 35, 122, 138 Durban Bay, 227 Great Zimbabwe, 110, 401 Durban Bluff, 208, 210 Gullying, 144, 147 Duricrusts, 242 Dwyka Group, 25, 122 Heinrich events, 4 Dynamic equilibrium, 192 Herders, 393, 400 Hex River Mountains, 131 Early Stone Age, 349 Highveld, 285 Eccentricity, 295 Historical archaeology, 421 Ecological functioning, 198 Holocene Altithermal, 312 Ecological resources, 389 Holocene climate change, 180, 196, 258, 275, 311, Ecosystem dynamics, 269 399 El Niño, 416 Holocene sea-level change, 224, 230 Elands Bay Cave, 388 Hominidae, 68 Elandsfontein, 69, 77, 286, 361 Hominin dispersal, 55 Electron spin resonance dating, 101 Hominin evolution, 47, 421 Environmental change, 174 Homo,59 Environmental determinism, 398, 405, Homo cranium, 74 413 Homo dentition, 74 Environmental resources, 413 Homo erectus, 68, 71 Epeirogenesis, 140 Homo ergaster, 358, 363 Epeirogenic uplift, 33 Homo habilis, 69, 71, 73, 357 Equilibrium profile, 191 Homo sapiens,78 Erfkroon, 177 Howiesons Poort, 107, 313, 376–378, 380 Estuaries, 219 Human behaviour, 418 Estuary evolution models, 229 Human evolution, 69, 96 Etosha pan, 38, 154 Human impacts, 279 Eustasy, 220 Hunter-gatherers, 393–394, 399 hxaro, 392, 400, 402 Faunal analysis, 397 Fauresmith Industry, 362 Ichnofossils, 211 Ferricrete, 242–243 Incised valleys, 222, 227 Fire, 279, 360, 379 Intertidal zone, 207 Flood frequency, 180 Intertropical Convergence Zone, 236 Floodplains, 189 IPCC, 4 Florisbad, 197, 295, 373 Iron Age, 108, 312, 418 Florisian, 285, 289 iSimangaliso World Heritage Site, 191 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05579-7 - Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa: Physical and Human Dimensions Edited by Jasper Knight and Stefan W. Grab Index More information 434 Index K2-Mapungubwe state, 401 Malapa, 75 Kaapvaal Craton, 18, 20, 31 Mammal faunas, 285 Kalahari, 176, 400 Mantle swells, 32–33 Kalahari Desert, 154, 162 Mapungubwe, 112, 400, 405 Karoo Supergroup, 25, 122 Maputo Bay, 228 Karst environments, 250 Marathodi, 401 Kathu Pan, 362 Marine basins, 39 Khoe-San, 375 Marine Isotope Stages, 338 Klasies River, 107, 373–374, 377 Marine resources, 96 Klip River, 177, 192 Maropeng, 358 Kosi Bay, 225, 228 Masotcheni Formation, 141, 146 Kosi Bay Formation, 212 Mass movement, 137 Kraals, 109 Maunder Minimum, 264 Kromdraai, 355 Medieval Warm Period, 177, 275, 404 Kruger National Park, 5, 103 Melikane, 400 KwaZulu-Natal, 405 Meltwater pulses, 227 Mfabeni, 273, 312 Lagoons, 219 mfecane, 403, 405 Lake Groenvlei, 229 Microfossils, 324, 338, 340 Lake Ngami, 337 Micromorphology, 420 Lake Sibaya, 223, 228, 312 Middle Stone Age, 77, 143, 314, 363, 371, 423 Lake St Lucia, 191, 221, 228 Miocene, 308 Lake Tritrivakely, 334 Modder River, 176 Land Mammal Ages, 288 Monsoon, 4 Land surface denudation, 103, 414 Mossel Bay, 210 Land surface instability, 414 Mount Enterprise, 126 Landscape disturbance, 417 Mozambique Channel, 312 Landscape evolution, 11, 30, 102, 138, 415 Landscape geomorphology, 414 Nahoon Point, 105, 211–212 Landscape resources, 423 n-alkanes, 1 Langebaan Lagoon, 221, 229, 361 Namib Desert, 103, 105, 154, 156 Langebaanweg, 55 Natal Bight, 91 Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), 32 Neogene, 8, 47 Large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs), 32 Neoproterozoic, 23 Last Glacial Maximum, 125, 128, 161, 225, 273, 336 Nguni, 401 Later Stone Age, 78, 385 Non-material landscape resources, 418 Laterite, 37 Non-materiality, 423 Leqooa Valley, 126 Lesotho Highlands, 128 Oakleigh Farm, 404 Levallois, 376 Obliquity, 95 Likoaeng, 399 Ochre, 379 Limpopo, 423 Okavango Delta, 38, 176, 191, 336 Linear dunes, 156 Oldowan, 349 Lithic technology, 355 Olduvai, 71 Little Ice Age, 147, 264, 405 Olifants River, 181 Littlefoot, 106 Open-air sites, 350, 360 Livestock domestication, 392 Orange River, 25, 39, 203 Longshore drift, 206 Orrorin,50 Lowstand deltas, 225 Ostracods, 332 Luminescence dating, 100, 104, 157 Oxygen isotopes, 2 Lunettes, 160 Pakhuis Pass, 316 Macassa Bay, 228 Pakhuis Tillites, 125 Macrofossils, 306 Palaeoanthropocene, 416 Madagascar, 252 Palaeo-anthropology, 2, 412 Mahwaqa, 307, 311, 316 Palaeobotanical record, 314 Makapansgat, 47, 253, 405 Palaeo-cliff-line, 209 Makgadikgadi pan, 38, 155, 162, 336 Palaeoenvironmental change, 122, 132, 193 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05579-7 - Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa: Physical and Human Dimensions Edited by Jasper Knight and Stefan W. Grab Index More information Index 435 Palaeoenvironmental proxies, 325 Sand ramps, 165 Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, 306, 339–340 Sandy beaches, 206 Palaeolandscapes, 95 Saprolite, 237 Palaeosols, 145, 177, 235 Schroda, 404 Palimpsest, 415 Sea-level change, 209, 220, 222 Pans, 198 Sea-level lowstands, 212, 222 Paranthropus, 68, 75 Sea-level transgression, 225 Paranthropus robustus, 357 Sediment accumulation rates, 194 Pedogenesis, 235–236 Sediment yield, 36 Peneplain, 10 Sehonhong shelter, 399 Penhill, 361 Sesquioxides, 237 Perched estuaries, 207 Shashe-Limpopo Confluence Area, 401, 403 Periglacial landforms, 121, 130 Shongweni, 404 Phanerozoic, 24 Sibudu Cave, 110, 314, 380–381, Phytoliths, 325, 329–330, 337 417, 420 Pinnacle Point, 95, 211, 372, 380 Silcrete, 242–243, 379 Pleistocene climate, 295, 310 Silver Leaves, 400 Pliocene, 26, 291 Skeleton Coast, 155 Podocarpus, 310, 312 Slope instability, 140 Pollen, 306, 329 Slopewash, 245 Pondoland, 205, 210 Snow accumulation, 129 Pongola Supergroup, 21 Soil classification, 238 Port Durnford Formation, 212, 225 Soil piping, 147 Precambrian, 18 Spatial modelling, 419 Principal Component Analysis, 196 Speleothems, 102, 250 Sterkfontein, 47, 69, 106, 251, 253, 350 Quaternary, 1, 4, 132, 413, 424 Still Bay, 108, 313, 375 Quaternary deposits, 211 Stone tool technology, 381 Quaternary ecosystems, 94 Summer rainfall zone, 270, 273, 398, 403 Quaternary environmental change, 1, 4, 270 Sundays River, 104, 175 Quaternary glaciation, 121 Sustainable development, 4 Quaternary sea-level change, 90, 212, 224 Swartkrans, 10, 69, 77, 350, 355 Radiocarbon dating, 101, 110–111, 128, 144, 312 Table Mountain Group, 205, 270 Radiolaria, 332 Taphonomy, 307 Rain-fed agriculture, 401 Tectonic uplift, 8 Rain-making, 419 Thúfur,