INTERNATIONAL DEVLEOPMENT: NOT-SO-SIMPLE BUSINESS A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors with Distinction Adam C Sigrist April 2011 Oxford, Ohio ii Abstract In a world of about 7-billion people, about 1-billion are living on less than $1 a day. While citizens of the powerhouses such as US, Japan, South Korea, India, and China are enjoying continuous increase in standards of living and life expectancies, other less fortunate people find themselves in more desperate situations. They live in nations like Somalia, Haiti, Afghanistan, and Sierra Leone; these nations are under-developed, lacking common technology that the rich world takes for granted such as light bulbs, running water, vaccinations, and telecommunications. Lacking these basic necessities, under-developed countries fall behind as their citizens needlessly die before they can become contributing members of a productive society; simultaneously, rich countries blossom further and further into prosperity, inventing and enjoying products like iPods and medical treatment for cancer. There is a gaping disparity between the “haves” and “have-nots” of the world. Desperation in the Third World is not a problem distant from the First. Under-developed nations often lack a governing authority strong enough to ensure order and safety within its own borders; absence of such supervision is a safe environment to harbor terrorism that threatens global security. Further, an under-developed country represents an abundance of human capital that is unable to contribute to the global market. Each under- developed country is a potential partner in trade and rich countries cannot benefit from such a relationship until the poor country develops. Realizing this, historians, economists, politicians, and business-men, have pushed for the development of the under-developed. Historically, the aforementioned have taken to two instruments to provide the funding necessary to drive the development of the Third World; foreign aid, a gift or conditional loan from a rich country to the poor country in question, and international trade, which allows the poor country to trade its output in the global marketplace for capital and funding that drives development. Current foreign aid policies have been failing since their beginnings; since the 1940’s the Western World has spent over $2 trillion on foreign aid and many recipient countries are worse off than they were before. The World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank, all of whom boast missions to guide the Third World into development, give loans with conditions and implement policies that are often counter-productive to The third World. These multinational organizations encourage poor countries to open their economies to the global marketplace, in hopes that they will find success as did South Korea or India. Free trade, in theory, raises the standards of living for all countries involved. Both vehicles for development are plagued by counter-productive policies and regulations that stifle their noble causes. The following paper is not a specific roadmap that a country can follow for an easy step-by-step development; all developed countries have found different routes to prosperity. The lesson to take from the following pages is that whether a country is pushes for development in a vehicle of foreign aid or international trade, current policies need to change. They must change if they are to succeed in achieving their lofty ambitions. iii iv v vi Acknowledgements My first acknowledgement is gratefully extended to Professor Benjamin Linkow at the Miami University of Ohio. Without his guidance and suggestions from day one, completion of this thesis would have been impossible. I would like to thank my readers Dr. Norman C Miller and Dr. Amanda K. McVety for providing both guidance and critical feedback supplementary to Professor Linkow’s. I would also like to thank the USG and Library of Congress for accommodating my research requests so swiftly. I would also like to thank the fine institution of the Miami University of Ohio and its honors department. Without them, I would not have had the inspiration, guidance, and accommodation to complete such a lengthy research project. I also thank Jared Sheehan, my roommate, for encouraging me to write a thesis and helping me complete it on time. Recognition is also owed to my parents, who have supported me throughout my entire education, which will culminate in “University Honors with Distinction” with the completion of this thesis. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction…..9 II. The Continuing Failure of Foreign Aid…..11 Foreign Aid Administration…..12 Internal Barriers to Effective Aid………………….13 Natural Resrouces…………14 Arbitary Borders…………..16 Poor Governance………….17 External Barriers to Effective Aid………………17 Complexity…………………17 Bureaucracy………………18 Foreign Aid Failure: The Sudan………………………..21 Foreign Aid Success: The Marshall Plan………………………24 III. Growth from Within……………………………….28 Export Analysis: High Development v. Low Development……..30 Prerequisites of Production………..33 Government……..33 Health…………….35 Education………35 Leading Sectors……36 The Big Problem……..39 The Big Solution……..42 Case Study…………..45 IV. Conclusion…..47 viii I. Introduction: Half of the World Remains Poor One-seventh of the global population has missed the proverbial “development train,” as Paul Collier, former Director of Development Research at the World Bank, metaphorically stated. The United States, Canada, most of Western Europe, South Korea, and Japan have been historically at the forefront of global modernization. Brazil, China, India, and Russia are four examples of remarkable progress and emergence. Unfortunately, about one billion members of the population live in countries that are falling behind, like a detached segment of a train rolling back down an incline, and often falling apart. 1 These are the types of countries we see on TV, when some celebrity asks us for less than a dollar a day to feed a starving child. Chad, Laos, Sierra Leone, the Sudan, Haiti, and the Congo are countries that have missed the ticket into the developed world2 That these countries remain underdeveloped is often a detriment to the First World; their underdeveloped, unproductive state prevents them from fulfilling their potential as a trade partner and the absence of a strong government has manifested itself in issues of national security. Realizing this, economists, politicians, historians, business- folk, and the like have not distanced themselves from the issue. Scholarly reports, as well as history, have taught us that development is quite difficult to achieve. To assist poor countries in their development, the Western World has often taken to administering 1 Collier 2 2 United Nations Human Development Report 9 trillions of dollars in foreign aid. Ineffective foreign aid policy has so far stifled the effects of this effort. In other cases, developed countries often push Third World economies to open up to the global market, in hopes that they will earn enough revenue through trade to drive development, as happened in India and South Korea. Like foreign aid policies, current international trade policies are retarding development as well. From the comfort of Oxford, Ohio, and Washington, DC, where I served the government for 5 months in an international relations commission in the House of Representatives, I studied economic development for a year. I read existing research and theories of economists who have spent years in the field of a Third World country, though I myself never visited one during research. A year’s worth of study indicates that developmental policies need to change if they are to accomplish their ambitious intentions of raising standards of living for the world’s poor. The development of the Third World is beneficial for the First because such poverty and desperation is a threat to national security in all countries. Further, when a country develops to higher productive capacity the whole world can benefit from its contributions to international trade. The concept of “development,” as defined by the United Nations, encompasses providing people with the opportunity to live longer lives, have access to more knowledge, raise their own standards of living, and contribute to the policies that shape their lives.3 It is an elementary observation to make that any endeavor with these end goals will cost money. This money must be used properly, in ways that will promote economic growth by the under-developed country in question. 3 United Nations Human Development Report 10 Development costs money. Before worrying about proper, growth-friendly, allocation of funding (historically a demanding task), we need to identify possible sources of such revenue. Just like a business, a country can either attract funds from the outside (in the form of foreign aid or foreign investment) or raise them from the inside (in the form of greater productivity and GDP per capita, which is in turn re-invested in to the growing economy). In other words, a country can earn money through its own effort or enjoy a gift or loan from a richer nation, which could have any number of motives to give. II. Foreign Aid: Can Money Given Fix the Problem? History has repeatedly illustrated that foreign aid is not an effective vehicle to spark sustained, economic development. Since late 1940’s, the Western World has spent over $2.3 trillion on foreign aid. About 1 million people die from malaria every year; medicine that could halve this number costs twelve cents a patient. Families go without essential four dollar mosquito nets and new mothers do not have access to three dollar medicine that could have saved 5 million infants. Ten –year-old girls in Ethiopia are still waking up at 3AM to collect firewood, walk it into the nearest town, and sell it for food, a process that takes an entire day. With $2,300,000,000,000 spent on foreign assistance, one would think that the Third World could develop past such travesty.4 Money used for foreign aid is often a waste because it does not reach its intended target, the poorest of the Third World.