Guidance Tool for DISASTER RESILIENT TOILETS An Initiative towards Sustainable and Resilient Gujarat Prepared By Gujarat Institute of Disaster Management & UNICEF Table of Contents 1. Background ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Sanitation Progress of Gujarat .......................................................................................................................... 2 3. Disaster Scenario of Gujarat ............................................................................................................................... 4 4. Need for Disaster Resilient Toilets .................................................................................................................. 5 5. Design of Disaster Resilient Toilets (DRTs) ................................................................................................. 6 6. Training and Capacity Building ........................................................................................................................ 6 7. Recommendations & Way Forward ................................................................................................................ 8 Annexures (DR Toilet Design and Estimates).................................................................................................... 10 Tool for Disaster Resilient Construction Practices (Toilets) 1 | P a g e 1. Background The state of Gujarat comprises an area of approximately 1,96,000 sq.km and is enclosed within the North Latitude 20°10° to 24° 50° and East Longitude 68° 40° to 74° 40°. Geologically, Gujarat provides a wide spectrum of rock types of different ages. Whereas the Aravali lies in the NE is as old as 2500 million years, the unconsolidated alluvium and beach material in its Central and Western parts date back to a few thousand years only. All the important litho-logical types Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic occur within the state. Physio graphically the state of Gujarat comprises the following three distinct zones. 1) Mainland Gujarat 2) Saurashtra and 3) Kachchh. The state currently has 33 districts. The population of the Gujarat State was 50,671,017 as per the 2001 census data. Gujarat Population Census Data 2011 show that Gujarat has Total Population 6.03 Crores. “Cleanliness is Godliness” is the mantra of Mahatma Gandhiji, Father of Nation. He demonstrated, propagated and insisted for individual and community cleanliness throughout his life. Multiple schemes were setup to achieve the dream of Mahatma Gandhi of a cleaner and healthier India. Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was implemented in 1999; further Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) came into picture in the year 2012 and finally the inception of ongoing scheme of Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin happened on 2nd October 2014. The sanitation mission expects driving a community led and people centred approach to transform India into a Swachh Bharat by 2019. Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India (GOI) has prioritized elimination of open defecation in a time bound manner by 2019. Further, an emphasis is also accorded to develop district wide approach and action plans at district, block and GP level to ensure elimination of open defecation. This would require all out efforts by all stakeholders including involvement of civil societies and CBOs to achieve the mission objectives. 2. Sanitation Progress of Gujarat As mentioned before, the construction of toilets has been covered under three major schemes of the government – Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC), Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) and Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM – Rural and Urban). As seen in the graph below, the rate of increase of sanitation coverage was very less between Census 2001 and Census 2011. The preferences of households in the state were correctly recorded in the ongoing scheme of SBM-G (2014-19), wherein primary focus was laid upon the scheme by the current government. Tool for Disaster Resilient Construction Practices (Toilets) 2 | P a g e Rural Sanitation coverage of Gujarat under all schemes 120% 95.20% 100.00% 100% 80% 60% 52.70% 34.20% 40% 32.70% 21.65% 20% 0% Census 2001 NSSO 2008-09 Census 2011 BLS-2012 MDWS (May MDWS (Oct 2017) 2017) Percent of Rural HHs covered under Sanitation Total sanitation campaign focused equally on toilets in institutions as well. Against the targets of TSC, achievement in IHHL culminated at 82.27% by 31st March 2012. The target of sanitary complexes to be built in the state were achieved completely. The progress of Total Sanitation Campaign in Gujarat till 31st March 2012 has been tabulated in the graph below: Total Sanitation Campaign Physical Progress of Gujarat upto 31-03-2012 Sanitary Complex 100.00% Anganwadi toilets 81.83% School toilets 78.57% IHHL Total 82.27% IHHL BPL 96.89% IHHL APL 73.29% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: MDWS (TSC Report- 24th-25th May 2012) Post TSC phase, first Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and then SBM came into effect. Between TSC and Swachh Bharat Mission, Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan catered to construction of toilets in Gujarat. The progress of toilet construction under both schemes has been enumerated in the below graphs. On 2nd October 2017, Gujarat State was able to achieve 100 % ODF status (as per BLS-2012) under Swachh Bharat Mission – Gramin. Tool for Disaster Resilient Construction Practices (Toilets) 3 | P a g e Progress of Gujarat under SBM-G Total IHHL Constructed % of sanitation coverage 1800000 120.0% 1600000 100.0% 1400000 1200000 80.0% 1000000 60.0% 800000 600000 40.0% 400000 20.0% 200000 0 0.0% 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 Total IHHL Constructed 334662 919048 1559315 428722 % of sanitation coverage 10.3% 38.7% 86.8% 100.0% Source: Swachh Bharat Mission MIS (Accessed on 10th March 2018) 3. Disaster Scenario of Gujarat Gujarat falls in the region of tropical cyclone. With the longest coast line of 1600 km in the country, it is highly vulnerable to associated hazards such as floods, storm surges etc. Most of the cyclones affecting the State are generated in the Arabian Sea. They move North-East and hit the coast particularly the Southern Kutch and Southern Saurashtra and the Western part of Gujarat. Two cyclonic storm seasons are experienced in Gujarat: May to June (advancing southwest monsoon) and September to November (retreating monsoon). Owing to its geo-climatic, geological and physical features, Gujarat is vulnerable to all major natural hazards namely, drought, flood, cyclone, earthquake, tsunami etc. The State is also under constant threat of various human made hazards like that of industrial (chemical) hazards, transportation accidents, terror attacks, epidemic, road accidents, etc. Gujarat being developed and industrialized, is a hub of important commercial houses, factories, corporate, etc. Many fuel pipelines also cross the state. With respect to the hazard profile of the state, any significant damage to the infrastructure can cause a major economical set back to the State and would take its development many years back. Different sectors of economy are also vulnerable due to hazard profile of the State. Thus, any damage to related sector or any part of supply chain can have serious impact on economy of the State. GSDMA has developed Gujarat Hazard Risk & Vulnerability Atlas. This is the first geographically explicit Level 1 assessment of its kind that integrates six hazards viz. earthquake, flood, cyclone, tsunami, drought and industrial (chemical) accidents, covering whole State of Gujarat. Diverse climatic conditions with mild and pleasant winters and hot and dry summers and heavy monsoon. Tool for Disaster Resilient Construction Practices (Toilets) 4 | P a g e While the Swachh Bharat Mission has been one of the leading campaigns of National Importance, the planned focus on maintenance of toilets and access to individuals remains a challenge to whole nation. Nearly half of the households in Gujarat lack toilets, according to the 2011 census. Of the 1.20 lakh households in Gujarat the census says 47.25% do not have toilets. The Gujarat figure, though grim, is better than India's: around 61% of the country's households do not have toilets. The report also states that in around 15% of the Gujarat households that do have toilets, the amenity is either not used or is defunct. Gujarat Floods 2017 • Moderate rain began across the state on 14 July, and heavy rains fell from 21 to 25 July. • It was close to the heaviest rainfall in 112 years in the affected region. • The districts of Banaskantha, Patan, Gandhinagar, Morbi, Surendranagar, Mehsana and Sabarkantha received 267%, 208%, 189%, 174%, 172%, 130% and 115% respectively of their average rainfall for the same period. • Caused 224 deaths • Schools remained shut for days in the flood affected areas. 4. Need for Disaster Resilient Toilets 4.1 Current twin pit toilet system It is a standard technology based on leach pits which is appropriate considering the need for low cost sanitation option. The design is based on offset leach pit system for normal context. Also, circular pits are quite appropriate considering leaching action, structural stability and cost-effectiveness. The current design matches with the technical standards such as BIS and general specifications. And this design has utilised the concept of prefabrication and decentralised material supply from RSMs well. 4.2 Challenges • Plinth level of the toilet structure is not adequate considering the flood. •