CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF THE BROOKFIELD MINOR RANCH PROJECT IN THE CITY OF MENIFEE, RIVERSIDE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA USGS Romoland 7.5' Quadrangle; Township 5S, Range 3W, Sections 13 and 24 Prepared for: Albert A. WEBB Associates Riverside, California 92506 Prepared by: Tiffany Clark and Dennis McDougall Applied EarthWorks, Inc. 3550 East Florida Avenue, Suite H Hemet, CA 92544-4937 April 2019 Keywords: 598 acres surveyed; City of Menifee; Riverside County; CEQA Phase I; Section 106 NHPA; two prehistoric cultural resources; bedrock milling features; lithic scatter; CA-RIV-3429 (P-33-003429); CA-RIV-12345 (P-33-24902) CONTENTS MANAGEMENT SUMMARY ................................................................................................... iv 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Project Description and Location .............................................................................1 1.2 Regulatory Context ..................................................................................................1 1.2.1 Federal Laws and Regulations .....................................................................4 1.2.2 State Laws and Regulations .........................................................................4 1.3 Area of Potential Effects (APE) ...............................................................................5 1.4 Report Organization .................................................................................................5 2 SETTING ............................................................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................6 2.2 Environmental Setting .............................................................................................6 2.3 Prehistoric Setting ....................................................................................................8 2.3.1 Early Archaic Period (ca. 9500 to 7000 B.P.) ..............................................9 2.3.2 Middle Archaic Period (ca. 7000 to 4000 B.P.) .........................................11 2.3.3 Late Archaic Period (ca. 4000 to 1500 B.P.) .............................................14 2.3.4 Saratoga Springs Period (ca. 1500 to 750 B.P.) .........................................16 2.3.5 Late Prehistoric Period (ca. 750 to 400 B.P.) ............................................19 2.3.6 Protohistoric Period (ca. 400 to 150 B.P.) .................................................20 2.4 Ethnographic Setting ..............................................................................................22 2.4.1 Luiseño .......................................................................................................22 2.4.2 Cahuilla ......................................................................................................24 2.4.3 Missionization and Native American Lifeways .........................................27 2.5 Historical Setting ...................................................................................................28 2.5.1 The Spanish Period, 1769–1822 ................................................................28 2.5.2 Mexican Rancho Period, 1822–1848 .........................................................29 2.5.3 American Period, 1848–Present .................................................................29 2.5.4 Menifee Valley...........................................................................................33 3 RESEARCH DESIGN .....................................................................................................35 3.1 Prehistoric Research Themes .................................................................................35 3.2 A Cultural Landscape-Based Approach to Bedrock Milling Sites ........................35 4 CULTURAL RESOURCE LITERATURE AND RECORDS SEARCH ..................38 4.1 Methods..................................................................................................................38 4.1.1 EIC Records Search ...................................................................................38 4.1.2 Historical Map Research ............................................................................38 4.2 Results ....................................................................................................................38 4.2.1 EIC Records Search ...................................................................................38 4.2.2 Historical Map Research ............................................................................45 5 NATIVE AMERICAN COORDINATION ...................................................................46 ii 6 CULTURAL RESOURCE FIELDWORK....................................................................48 6.1 Phase 1 Survey .......................................................................................................48 6.1.1 Methods......................................................................................................48 6.1.2 Results ........................................................................................................50 6.2 Extended Phase 1 Testing ......................................................................................54 6.2.1 Methods......................................................................................................54 6.2.2 Results ........................................................................................................55 7 SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION ..................................................................................57 7.1 Contexts for Evaluation .........................................................................................57 7.2 Integrity ..................................................................................................................58 7.3 Linkage ..................................................................................................................58 7.4 Evaluation of Resource Significance .....................................................................59 7.4.1 CA-RIV-3429 (P-33-003429) ....................................................................59 7.4.2 CA-RIV-12345 (P-33-024902) ..................................................................61 8 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................62 9 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................63 APPENDIX A: NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNICATION APPENDIX B: CONFIDENTIAL SITE RECORDS List of Figures 1-1 Project vicinity map .............................................................................................................2 1-2 Project location map ............................................................................................................3 6-1 Overview of Project from top of knoll in southeast corner of Project, looking north ......................................................................................................................49 6-2 View of knoll in southeast corner of Project, looking southeast .......................................49 6-3 Cultural resources within the APE .....................................................................................51 6-4 Knoll on which CA-RIV-3429 is located, facing northeast ...............................................52 6-5 Map of CA-RIV-3429 showing locations of XPI SHPs ....................................................53 6-6 Overview of CA-RIV-12345, facing east ..........................................................................54 6-7 Map of CA-RIV-12345 showing locations of XPI SHPs ..................................................56 List of Tables 4-1 Previous Cultural Studies in the Study Area......................................................................39 4-2 Previously Documented Cultural Resources in the Study Area ........................................43 iii MANAGEMENT SUMMARY Applied EarthWorks, Inc. (Æ) was retained by Albert A. WEBB Associates (WEBB) to conduct a cultural resource investigation for the proposed Brookfield Menifee Valley Project (Project) Area of Potential Effects (APE) in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). This report summarizes the methods and results of the cultural resource investigation of the approximate 598 acre APE within the City of Menifee, Riverside County, California. This assessment included a records search and literature review, communication with Native American tribal representatives, and an archaeological survey of the APE. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether the proposed Project would affect historic properties. A cultural resources literature and records search was completed at the Eastern Information Center (EIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS), housed at the University of California, Riverside. The results indicate that the entire APE had been previously surveyed. One cultural resource, a prehistoric bedrock milling site (CA-RIV-3429/ P-33-003429), has been previously documented within the APE. Æ also requested a search of the Sacred Lands File from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), which