Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences 5 Prejudice: The Interplay of Personality, Cognition, and Social Psychology NAZAR AKRAMI ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1104-232X UPPSALA ISBN 91-554-6244-8 2005 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva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ist of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which in the following will be referred to by their Roman numerals. I Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Araya, T. (2004). Category and stereotype activation revisited. Manuscript submitted for publica- tion. II Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M., & Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big Five personality, social dominance orientation or right-wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18, 463-482. III Akrami, N., & Ekehammar, B. (2004). Prejudice: Personality or social psychology? Manuscript submitted for publication. Paper II was reprinted with the kind permission of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................7 A Brief Background ...................................................................................7 Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination ...............................................7 Definitions .............................................................................................7 Implicit and Explicit Prejudice...................................................................9 The Distinction ......................................................................................9 Association or Dissociation? .................................................................9 “One” Phenomenon – Many Approaches ................................................10 Approaches to Explaining Prejudice....................................................10 The Personality Approach ...................................................................12 The Social Psychology Approach........................................................15 The Cognitive Approach......................................................................17 Major Aims and Research Questions .......................................................20 General Aim ........................................................................................20 Specific Aims ......................................................................................21 Methodology ............................................................................................21 Personality and Individual Differences Variables ...............................21 The Big Five Inventory...................................................................21 Social Dominance Orientation ........................................................22 Right-Wing Authoritarianism .........................................................22 Social Psychological Variables............................................................22 Group Membership .........................................................................22 Gender Identification ......................................................................22 Ethnic Identification........................................................................23 Measuring Explicit Prejudice ..............................................................23 General Issues .................................................................................23 Ethnic Prejudice – Prejudice toward Immigrants............................23 Sexism – Prejudice toward Women ................................................24 Prejudice toward Intellectually Disabled Individuals .....................24 Homophobia – Prejudice toward Homosexuals..............................24 Measuring Implicit Prejudice ..............................................................24 Statistical Issues...................................................................................25 ANOVA vs. Regression Analysis...................................................25 Causal Modeling .............................................................................25 Empirical studies...........................................................................................27 Paper I ......................................................................................................27 Study 1.................................................................................................27 Background .....................................................................................27 Method ............................................................................................27 Results and Comments....................................................................27 Study 2.................................................................................................29 Background .....................................................................................29 Method ............................................................................................32 Results and Comments....................................................................33 Study 3.................................................................................................33 Background .....................................................................................33 Method ............................................................................................34 Results and Comments....................................................................35 Paper II .....................................................................................................36 Study 4.................................................................................................36 Background .....................................................................................36 Method ............................................................................................37 Results and Comments....................................................................37 Paper III....................................................................................................41 Study 5.................................................................................................41 Background .....................................................................................41 Method ............................................................................................41 Results and Comments....................................................................42 Study 6.................................................................................................44 Background .....................................................................................44 Method ............................................................................................45 Results and Comments....................................................................46 General discussion ........................................................................................50 Major Findings – Relations to the Three Approaches..............................50 The Cognitive Approach......................................................................50 The Personality Approach ...................................................................50 The Social Psychology Approach........................................................51 Issues Related to the Three Approaches...................................................51 Implicit and Explicit Prejudice – Association or Dissociation? ..........51 Associative Strength and the Category-Stereotype Distinction...........52 Personality and Self-Categorization Theory........................................53 Methodological Issues..............................................................................54 Future Research – An Integrative Approach............................................54 Final Words..............................................................................................55 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................57 References.....................................................................................................58 Introduction A Brief Background The tsunami catastrophe in South East Asia in late 2004 demolished the homes, working places, and lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Al- most immediately, people