The International Space Station Building for the Future John E. Catchpole The International Space Station Building for the Future Published in association with PPraxisraxis PPublishiublishingng Chichester, UK John E. Catchpole Gosport Hampshire UK SPRINGER±PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION SUBJECT ADVISORY EDITOR: John Mason B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. ISBN 978-0-387-78144-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer is part of Springer-Science + Business Media (springer.com) Library of Congress Control Number: 2008923104 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. # Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 2008 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci®c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Jim Wilkie Project management: Originator Publishing Services, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK Printed on acid-free paper Contents Preface ............................................. ix List of ®gures ........................................ xiii Resources ........................................... xix Conversion table ....................................... xxi 1 Early construction ................................... 1 What is the International Space Station? ................... 1 Partners ......................................... 13 America...................................... 14 Russia....................................... 16 Canada ...................................... 20 Europe...................................... 22 Japan ....................................... 26 Brazil ....................................... 28 2 The ISS Management andCost Evaluation Task Force ........... 29 ISS Management and Cost Evaluation Task Force.......... 30 Special ®ndings ................................. 31 Special recommendations .......................... 31 ``Pioneer the future'' . .......................... 33 3 Commencing the IntegratedTruss Structure ................... 35 STS-108 begins Expedition-4 . .......................... 35 Expedition-4....................................... 43 Progress M1-8 ..................................... 51 European commercialisation . .......................... 52 vi Contents Words of warning ................................... 52 NASA's costings criticised ............................. 53 STS-110delivers the Starboard-0ITS ...................... 53 Soyuz TM-34 delivers a fresh Crew Return Vehicle ............. 62 STS-111 delivers Expedition-5 and repairs the SSRMS ........... 65 Expedition-5. ...................................... 73 Shuttle ¯eet grounded ................................ 74 The International Partners have problems ................... 75 Progress M-46 ..................................... 75 More criticism ..................................... 78 Revival of the Crew Return Vehicle ....................... 79 In orbit, life goes on ................................. 79 Progress M1-9 ..................................... 83 STS-112 delivers the Starboard-1 ITS ...................... 83 Soyuz TMA-1, ®rst of a new class ........................ 91 STS-113 installs the Port-1 ITS .......................... 95 ISS, the future ..................................... 103 Expedition-6. ...................................... 103 4 Triumph andtragedy ................................. 109 ``Columbia is lostÐthere are no survivors'' .................. 109 Progress M-47 ..................................... 114 Continued operations................................. 118 Soyuz TMA-2 delivers Expedition-7, the ®rst ``caretaker crew'' ..... 122 ESA moves ahead ................................... 126 Expedition-7. ...................................... 126 Progress M1-10..................................... 128 Theory tested, and con®rmed ........................... 132 Columbia Accident Investigation Report .................... 135 Progress M-48 ..................................... 139 China joins the spacefaring nations........................ 141 ISS, safe haven for Shuttle crews ......................... 142 Soyuz TMA-3 delivers the Expedition-8 crew . .............. 142 Expedition-8. ...................................... 147 ``Let us continue the journey'' ........................... 154 Progress M1-11..................................... 157 Soyuz TMA-4 delivers the Expedition-9 crew . .............. 161 Expedition-9. ...................................... 163 Progress M-49 ..................................... 166 Russia calls for 12-month Expedition ¯ights .................. 166 Progress M-50 ..................................... 171 Hurricane Francis visits Cape Canaveral .................... 171 Soyuz TMA-5 delivers the Expedition-10crew . .............. 174 Expedition-10 ...................................... 177 A new Russian launch schedule .......................... 180 Contents vii NASA's budget approved .............................. 181 Soyuz TMA-5 relocated ............................... 181 Progress M-51 ..................................... 182 Progress M-52 ..................................... 186 Michael Grif®n takes over at NASA....................... 187 Soyuz TMA-6 delivers the Expedition-11 crew ................ 190 Expedition-11 ...................................... 192 Progress M-53 ..................................... 197 Return to ¯ight .................................... 198 STS-114: a temporary return to ¯ight ...................... 200 Expedition-11 continues ............................... 210 Progress M-54 ..................................... 211 Soyuz TMA-7 delivers the Expedition-12 crew ................ 212 Expedition-12 ...................................... 214 Progress M-55 ..................................... 217 Soyuz TMA-8 delivers the Expedition-13 crew ................ 223 Expedition-13 ...................................... 225 Progress M-56 ..................................... 227 Progress M-57 ..................................... 230 5 Recovery andrestructuring .............................. 231 STS-121 returns the Shuttle to ¯ight ....................... 231 Return to three Expedition crew members ................... 240 STS-115 delivers the port-3/4 ITS......................... 243 Soyuz TMA-9 delivers the Expedition-14 crew ................ 251 Expedition-14 ...................................... 254 Progress M-58 ..................................... 256 STS-116 delivers ``Puny'' .............................. 258 Continuing the routine ................................ 266 Progress M-59 ..................................... 268 The Lisa Nowak affair................................ 270 More extravehicular activity . .......................... 271 OKA-T module .................................... 274 Soyuz TMA-10delivers the Expedition-15 crew ................ 274 Expedition-15 ...................................... 276 Progress M-60 ..................................... 278 New schedules and new funding.......................... 280 STS-117 delivers the starboard-3/4 ITS ..................... 282 Planning the end.................................... 294 More computer tests ................................. 295 Progress M-61 ..................................... 298 STS-118 delivers ``Stubby'' . .......................... 298 Alone again ....................................... 311 Soyuz TMA-11 delivers the Expedition-16 crew................ 314 viii Contents STS-120delivers Harmony, ``the piece that makes the rest possible'' . 317 Preparing for the International Partner modules . .............. 331 6 Project Constellation ................................. 339 Ares-I Crew Launch Vehicle ............................ 339 First stage ........................................ 339 Second stage ...................................... 341 ``Orion'' Crew Exploration Vehicle ........................ 341 The Moon's place in a US-led international initiative to explore the solar system .......................................... 347 7 Postscript ........................................ 349 APPENDICES A List of abbreviations ................................. 353 B International Space Station Flight Log ..................... 365 C Extravehicular activity ................................ 373 Index .............................................. 377 Preface INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 2 Creating the International Space Station, written by David Harland and John Catch- pole, was published by Springer-Praxis in 2002 (ISBN 1-85233-202-6). It described the American and Soviet/Russian national space station programmes, as well as the long, convoluted history of the International Space Station (ISS), from its conception through to the safe recovery of the Expedition-3 crew in December 2001. The International Space Station: Building for the Future continues the coverage of the construction and occupation of ISS, but ®rst there is a brief re sume of the hardware that is already in orbit. These early ¯ights