Nata{a Gregori~ Bon: Storytelling as a spatial practice in Dhërmi/Drimades of southern Albania Storytelling as a spatial practice in Dhërmi/ Drimades of southern Albania Nata{a Gregori~ Bon Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper leads the reader to paths and places constructed by storytelling, remembrances, and the biographical contexts of the people of Dhërmi/Drimades in southern Albania. By following the people’s movements and networks of connections between the individual places that construct the spatial relations, this paper explores the ‘cartographic optic’ as recounted in the people’s stories. The underlying question is how different meanings of space and place, created by individual stories, construct the ‘whereness’ of Dhërmi/ Drimades and how that ‘whereness’ constructs different meanings of space and place. The paper argues that through remembering their ancestors’ movements and winding the stories around their paths the local people continuously shift the village’s position and its boundaries and in so doing they reconstruct ‘their’ space where they seek to anchor their sense of belonging. This sense of belonging is informed by the notion of the nation-state as a hegemonic concept on the one hand and a sense of distinct locality on the other. Overall the paper presents the people’s conception of space and themselves in it. KEYWORDS: storytelling, spatialising, mapping, reconstructing ‘whereness’, southern Albania. Introduction Our character is similar to our place and its climate. On the one hand it is cold and wild, such as the mountains, while on the other hand it is mild and hospitable, as the sea. (Dimitris, field notes) Especially in the first months of my fieldwork, a number of villagers of Dhërmi (the official, Albanian name) or Drimades (the local, Greek name) in southern Albania used words similar to those of the villager quoted above, Dimitris, to describe their character and relate it to their natal village. Later on I realised that this kind of ambiguous mapping of their place, and its claim of coherence with their character, is important for understand- ing the process of construction and reconstruction of space and place that I will analyse in this paper. ANTHROPOLOGICAL NOTEBOOKS 14 (2): 7–29. ISSN 1408-032X © Slovene Anthropological Society 2008 7 Anthropological Notebooks, XIV/2, 2008 This paper aims to lead the reader to paths and places constructed by storytelling, remembrances, and the biographical contexts of the local residents of Dhërmi/Drimades. The stories are recalled by elderly people (born between 1926 and 1945) who are deemed to originate from Dhërmi/Drimades. They were collected during twelve months of anthro- pological field research in the coastal village of Dhërmi/Drimades in southern Albania between 2004 and 2005. Stories and conversations were noted and supplemented with other details on the same day the conversation was held. We spoke in the local Greek dialect, which I was learning along with the Albanian language before and during the field research1 . To maintain the anonymity of my interlocutors I have changed their names as well as some details of their life stories that are not relevant to the following discussion. Construction of spatial relations through the people’s movements and networks of connections will be the main focus here. The question is how different meanings of space and place, created by individual stories, construct the ‘whereness’ of Dhërmi/ Drimades and how that ‘whereness’ influences the meanings of space and place. Short biographies of our four storytellers map their paths of movements through different places in Albania and Greece and their continual returns to their natal village of Dhërmi/Drimades. Biographies disclose their memories of ancestral paths which include travels over the sea and the mountains. I argue that through remembering their ancestors’ movements and winding the stories around their paths the local people continuously shift the village’s ‘whereness’ and in so doing reconstruct ‘their’ space, in which they seek to anchor their sense of belonging. This sense of belonging is informed by the notion of the nation-state as a hegemonic concept on the one hand and a sense of distinct locality on the other. Dhërmi/Drimades Dhërmi/Drimades is one of seven villages in the Himarë/Himara municipality in southern Albania. The village lies 42 kilometres south of the city of Vlorë (the capital of the Prefec- ture2 ) and about the same distance north of the southern city of Sarandë. The Albanian- 1 When I moved to the village, my command of the Albanian and Greek languages was very poor. Though I had studied both languages for a few months before leaving to do fieldwork, I had many problems with understanding both languages. The Albanian language I learned in the village primary school and local Greek with one of the village ladies. In about two months my command of the local Greek improved to the stage that I could use it on a basic level. Some months later I was able to understand most of conversations but my speaking capability was still very basic. As the majority of my closest friends were locals, my knowledge of local Greek improved faster than Albanian. I was also more familiar with this language because of its use in scientific discourse (e.g. with the meanings of different words like anthropos, gineka, andras, etc.). In the last months of my fieldwork I was quite confident when using local Greek dialect. Several locals took my knowledge of the local language as a proof of their ‘Greekness’. I often felt that my proficiency in Greek – in contrast to Albanian – gave me a kind of permission to enter their personal lives. 2 The Republic of Albania is divided in 12 Prefectures or regions which are the territorial and administrative units, usually comprising several communes and municipalities ‘with geographical, traditional, economical and social links and common interests. The borders of a region correspond to the borders of the comprising communes and municipalities, while the centre of the region is established in one of the municipalities. The territory, name and centre of the region are established by law’ (see Albanian Association of Municipalities, 2001: 5, 17). 8 Nata{a Gregori~ Bon: Storytelling as a spatial practice in Dhërmi/Drimades of southern Albania Greek border is 60 kilometres south. The Thunderbolt Mountains or Malet e Vetëtimë,3 also called the Acroceraunian mountain range, enclose the area on its northern and north- eastern side. The area opens up on its southwestern side with the mountain of Çika and descends towards the Ionian coast and the Greek Islands of Othonas and Corfu in the distance. The official Albanian name Dhërmi is mainly used by those inhabitants and seasonal workers who use the southern (Tosk) or the northern (Ghek) Albanian dialects. Many of these newcomers and seasonal workers moved to the village from other parts of Albania during (1945-1990) or after the communist era. In contrast to Dhërmi, the local, Greek name Drimades is mainly used by the inhabitants who are believed to ‘originate’ from the village and declare themselves to be locals, horiani or Drimadiotes. They prima- rily use the local Greek dialect and partly the southern Albanian (Tosk) one in their day to day conversations, as is the case with the neighbouring village Palasa and the municipal town of Himarë/Himara.4 The people inhabiting the other five villages of the Himarë/ Himara area (Ilias, Vuno, Qeparo, Pilur, and Kudhes) mainly speak the southern Albanian dialect. When asked about the meaning of the term horianos, many people of Dhërmi/ Drimades explained that horianos means apo ton topo, ‘of the place’. The indicative ‘of the place’ is related to the referent’s origin, which has to be either Dhërmi/Drimades or the Himarë/Himara area. Their declarations as horianos are formed in contrast to that of ksenos, meaning newcomers, foreigners, and outsiders. Sometimes they also use pejora- tive names for them, such as Turkos or Alvanos.5 Newcomers often declare themselves according to the name of the place from which they came to Dhërmi/Drimades. During my stay in the village I never heard anyone use the Albanian words vendës or local or fshatarë or villager to describe themselves. In contrast to horianos, who are predominantly Ortho- dox Christians, the majority of the newcomers are Muslims.6 According to the 2005 official census, the village of Dhërmi/Drimades contains approximately 1,800 residents, half of whom live as emigrants in Greece or elsewhere (mainly the United States and Italy). Because of the massive emigration of young people, 3 Throughout this text the words in Albanian language are written in italic, words in the local Greek language are written in italic and underlined, and the terms signifying Ottoman Turkish administrative units are underlined. 4 For detailed information about the language use see Gregori~ Bon (2008a: 63–71). 5 According to the horianos these pejorative terms of address point to the differences in place of origin, language skill, religion, financial position, social status, and the possibility of unrestricted crossing of the Albanian-Greek border. 6 After 45 years of atheism in communist Albania, contemporary religious proclamations play a more important role in questions about ethnicity than in questions regarding ideological beliefs. Thus, many scholars of Albanian studies, when identifying religious ratios, prefer to refer to the survey done in 1939 (before communism) when about 70% of the population were perceived as Muslim (among whom 20% were followers of the Bektashi order), 20% as belonging to the Albanian Orthodox Church, and 10% as belonging to the Catholic Church. 9 Anthropological Notebooks, XIV/2, 2008 it is primarily the elderly (born between 1926 and 1945) and and just a few young families who live in the village of Dhërmi/Drimades.