VU Research Portal The impact of the early frontal lobe damage on the development of executive functions Smidts, D.P.; Anderson, V. published in Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2003 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Smidts, D. P., & Anderson, V. (2003). The impact of the early frontal lobe damage on the development of executive functions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8 (2). 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Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA. DOI: Abstracts Presented at the Thirtieth Annual International Neuropsychological Society Conference February 13–16, 2002 Toronto, Canada Wednesday Afternoon, February 13, 2002 Poster Session 1/4:00–7:00 p.m. 3-stage odor discrimination test prior to participation. Multivariate analy- ses revealed a decline in recognition accuracy with age across all 3 do- mains, with less impairment in figural memory among individuals older AGING than 60. Moreover, age-related changes in odor memory were not related to changes in verbal or figural recognition. On the figural recognition task, T. KOGURE & T. HATTA. Temporal Memory Illusion of Social Events older individuals demonstrated more liberal response biases than did youn- in Older and Younger Adults. ger participants. Age-related differences in recognition discrimination and Even though people could remember precise contents of a social event response bias were not accounted for by global cognitive function, smok- (e.g., news event) that happened previously, the time of the event occur- ing history, sex, or ethnicity. These findings suggest that odor recognition rence could hardly be retrieved accurately. People sometimes estimate the declines with age, even among individuals with generally intact olfactory time of occurrence more recently than the actual time (telescoping bias), acuity. while they sometimes, in contrast, estimate the time of occurrence more Correspondence: Claire McGrath, Brain Behavior Laboratory, Neuropsy- remotely than the actual time (time expansion bias). The present study chiatry Section, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, examined aging effects of these temporal memory illusions. Participants 3600 Spruce St., 10th Floor Gates Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19104. were 20 older and 40 young adults. Older adults were those who were [email protected] more than 60 years old (M age 5 70.1) and all community dwelling. Young adults were nurse college students (M age 20.0). Thirty news 5 M. LEWIS & L.S. MILLER. Performance-Based Measures as Most events that happened during 1985–1999 were selected as question items (2 Reflective of Real-World Functional Ability and Executive Control events were selected for each year). This experiment was conducted on a Functioning. group in June (older) and December (young) 2000. Each participant was Past research has demonstrated that deficits in executive control function- given a booklet and required to read the brief description of each news ing (ECF) are related to functional deficits in older adults. The strength event and to estimate the date (year) of occurrence. They were encouraged and nature of this relationship differs according to whether functional to estimate it as it first came to mind. The results indicate that young adults ability is measured using performance-based scales or self-report scales of tend to have time expansion bias only in the events that happened 3–1 ability. In the current study, 60 older adults were administered an overall years ago, whereas, older adults in contrast, tend to have this bias in the screen of ECF, the Executive Interview (EXIT; Royall, 1989), neuropsy- events that happened 6–1 years ago. These results suggest aging effects on chological tests tapping into cognitive ability, a performance-based scale temporal memory illusions of social news events; that is, older adults are of functional ability, the Direct Assessment of Functional Status (DAFS; more retrospectively biased with respect to time expansion than are young Lowenstein 1992), and a self-report measure of function, the Older Amer- adults. icans Resources and Service Scale (OARS; Duke University, 1978). Data Correspondence: Terumasa Kogure, Chikusa-Ku, Haruoka 1-30-23, analyses revealed that, although performance on the EXIT was related to Motoshige-So 16, Nagoya, Aichi 464-0848, Japan. [email protected]. both measures of functional status, only performance-based functional nagoya-u.ac.jp ability was significantly related to cognitive performance on neuropsycho- logical tests in multiple regression analyses (multiple R 5 .69, adjusted C.E. McGRATH, P.J. MOBERG, & G.D. PEARLSON. Odor, Verbal, R2 5 .43, F~4,51!510.49, p , .001). Performance-based functional and Visual Recognition Discrimination and Response Bias Across the ability and self-reports of functional ability were related to one another, Life-Span. but only moderately so (r 5 .423, p , .01!. Furthermore, impairment on Age-related decline in verbal and visual memory has been well docu- the DAFS did not significantly predict self-reports of impairment on ADLs mented in healthy adults, but less is known about memory for odors. The (F~10,49!51.876, p 5 .072!, and was only minimally related to self- study of odor memory is complicated by the fact that it is thought to reports of IADL impairment (F~10,49!52.043, p 5 .049!. Such findings integrate primary olfactory function and higher cognitive processes. Older indicate that self-report and performance-based measures of functional adults demonstrate increased odor thresholds compared to younger co- ability may be measuring different basic constructs. Performance-based horts; thus, if age-related changes in odor memory are found, it is unclear measures may be most reflective of real world ability, ECF, and cognitive to what degree the differences are due to primary olfactory function, cog- status, while self-reports may be reflective of motivation or participant nitive processes, or both. The current study addressed this methodological perception. issue by studying olfactory, verbal, and figural recognition in 110 healthy Correspondence: Monica Lewis, Department of Psychology, University of adults (age range 18–83, M age 5 49.65 years), all of whom passed a Georgia, Athens, GA 30602. [email protected] 143 144 JINS, Vol. 8, No. 2 N. SILVERBERG & H. TUOKKO. Cognitive Impairment, No Demen- credit for each individual shift of attention instead of one score based on tia: Criteria and Validation. the participant’s final answer for each item. The Elevator Task with Re- Existing clinical labels used to define cognitively impaired elderly per- versal (ETR) was altered to allow more time between the auditory stimuli, sons suffer from several shortcomings, including being overly restrictive, while keeping a fixed stimulus presentation speed. Results from the mod- unreliable, and often inappropriate. The present study offers criteria for ified VET showed that the elderly subjects obtained higher scores when objectively validated cognitive impairment that may not only circumvent given independent credit for each correct attention shift, and that com- these limitations, but also possess several unique advantages. The criteria pared the standardized VET, these results had a stronger correlation with set encompasses a broader and more heterogeneous range of impaired their performance of other TEA subtests. A comparison of data obtained individuals, is not limited to amnesic deficits, is comparable across sam- from the standardized and experimental ETR showed improved perfor- ples, has the possibility for uniform application, and is more specific to mance on the subtest when time between stimuli was increased (i.e., ex- decliners. The validation process involved the application of the criteria to perimental version). These results suggest that controlling test conditions participants in the longitudinal Canadian Study of Health and Aging. This and examining for differences in processing speed allow a more precise process revealed strong concurrent validity, as meeting objective cogni- assessment of attentional processes in the older population. tive impairment criteria was found to be related to both poor global cog- Correspondence: Olga L. Rey, Department of Speech and Hearing Sci- nitive functioning and greater impairment in activities of daily living. As ences, 200 S. Jordan Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405. [email protected] well, good predictive validity was demonstrated