0 A Comparative Study of Transit-Oriented Developments in Hong Kong February 28, 2013 Team Members Brandon Bukowski, [email protected] Dwight Boatman, [email protected] Kevin Ramirez, [email protected] Mengxi Du, [email protected] Project Advisors Dr. Jianyu Liang Dr. Svetlana Nikitina Sponsor Liaison Dr. Alice Sin Yin Chow Hong Kong Institute of Education Hong Kong IQP 1 Contents 1. Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 5 3. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1 Research Question ................................................................................................................ 7 3.2 Discussion of Impacted Parties ............................................................................................. 8 3.3 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 9 4. Background ................................................................................................................................11 4.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................11 4.2 History of the MTR ............................................................................................................. 12 4.3 Definition of TOD ............................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Connection between TOD and Ridership ........................................................................... 14 4.5 Classifications of TODs ...................................................................................................... 15 4.6 Introduction to Sustainability .............................................................................................. 17 4.6.1 The Three Aspects of Sustainability ............................................................................ 17 4.6.1 Connection between Air Quality and Sustainability .................................................... 18 4.6.3 Connection between Noise Pollution and Sustainability ............................................. 19 4.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 20 5. Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 21 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21 5.2 Defining each TOD ............................................................................................................. 23 5.3 Evaluating the Social Aspects of Sustainability .................................................................. 23 5.3.1 Pedestrian Flow and Walkability ................................................................................. 24 5.3.2 Photographic Analysis ................................................................................................. 25 5.4 Evaluating the Environmental Aspects of Sustainability .................................................... 25 5.4.1 Green Areas .................................................................................................................. 26 5.4.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 26 5.4.3 Noise Pollution............................................................................................................. 27 5.5 Evaluating the Economic Aspects of Sustainability ........................................................... 28 5.5.1 Public Housing ............................................................................................................. 28 5.5.2 Commercial Housing ................................................................................................... 29 5.6 Resident Survey Methodology ............................................................................................ 29 5.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 31 6. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 33 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 33 6.2 TOD Walkable Areas .......................................................................................................... 33 2 6.3 Social Observations and Measured Data ............................................................................ 35 6.3.1 Station Flow and Walkability ....................................................................................... 35 6.3.2 Photographic Analysis ................................................................................................. 39 6.4 Environmental Observations and Measured Data ............................................................... 40 6.4.1 Green Area ................................................................................................................... 40 6.4.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 42 6.4.3 Noise Pollution............................................................................................................. 43 6.5 Economic Observations and Measured Data ...................................................................... 45 6.5.1 Public Housing ............................................................................................................. 46 6.5.2 Commercial housing prices.......................................................................................... 47 6.6 Residential Survey Data ...................................................................................................... 49 6.7 Discussion and Validity ....................................................................................................... 56 7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 59 7.1 Social Sustainability Comparisons between each TOD ...................................................... 59 7.1.1 Olympic and Central .................................................................................................... 59 7.1.2 Wan Chai ...................................................................................................................... 60 7.1.3 Chai Wan and Po Lam ................................................................................................. 61 7.2 Environmental Sustainability Comparisons between the TODs ......................................... 61 7.2.1 Green Areas .................................................................................................................. 61 7.2.2 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 61 7.2.3 Noise Pollution............................................................................................................. 62 7.3 Economic Sustainability Comparisons between TODs ...................................................... 62 7.5 Summary of Conclusions .................................................................................................... 63 8. Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 65 8.1 Recommendations for Existing Developments ................................................................... 65 8.2 Recommendations for New Developments ........................................................................ 67 8.3 Significance of Recommendations ..................................................................................... 69 8.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................................... 70 9. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 73 10. Appendices .............................................................................................................................. 75 Appendix A: Pedestrian Data .................................................................................................... 75 A. Turnstile Data ................................................................................................................... 75 B. Street Pedestrian Data ...................................................................................................... 76 Appendix B: Photographic Analysis ......................................................................................... 78 A. Central .............................................................................................................................. 78 B. Chai Wan