Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 329 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019) Investigation Analysis of “Dialect Mingled by Mandarin” Phenomenon: Evidence from Hukou Dialect in China Jinfeng Li School of Liberal Arts Zhaoqing University Zhaoqing, China 526061 Abstract—This paper investigates the phenomenon of transfer may occur when their structural elements affect each “dialect mingled by Mandarin” and its part of speech (POS) other in speakers’ brain after language contact (Lado, 1957; features and group distributions in Hukou County, Jiangxi Odlin, 1989). “Dialect mingled by Mandarin” is produced Province, China in 2018. First, some examples are given from when speakers are influenced by the negative transfer of the noun and other dimensions and found that the structural elements of Mandarin when using dialect although phenomenon is widespread in different POS; second, a the overall characteristics are dialect. descriptive statistical analysis is conducted and demonstrates that the females, the elder, students, the higher the education This paper made a field investigation on the phenomenon level and per capita disposable income of the family has, the of “dialect mingled by Mandarin” in vernacular layer, and more obvious their “dialect mingled by Mandarin” is. This described it from two aspects: one is to analyze the lexical survey reveals that dialect degeneration, the popularization of characteristics of “dialect mingled by Mandarin” by Mandarin and the integration of the two are inevitable. Hence, examples, and the other is to explore the distribution it’s urgent to protect dialects and construct harmonious characteristics of this phenomenon from gender, age, relations between Mandarin and dialects. occupation, education level, and family economic conditions. It aims to discuss the distribution of the individual Keywords—dialect mingled by Mandarin; Hukou dialect; characteristics of “dialect mingled by Mandarin” and provide heterogenous word a basic observation perspective on dialect protection. I. INTRODUCTION II. DATA AND VARIABLES With the popularization of Mandarin and the development of Chinese economy and education, there has A. Data Sources been fierce competition between Mandarin and Chinese In this paper, questionnaires and interviews were dialects, and two linguistic phenomena have been formed: conducted from July 7th to August 20th, 2018 to track the one is “Mandarin mingled by dialect”, and the other is survey in 2016. The main subjects were the permanent “dialect mingled by Mandarin”. These two phenomena residents of towns and villages in Hukou County, Jiangxi belong to “Diglossia”, that is, two variants in a language Province. The interview team consisted of 15 people, (Hartmann & Stork, 1972: 277-302). Diglossia is ubiquitous including 14 locals who were highly educated. Face-to-face in dialect areas. communications with respondents were carried out were by “Dialect mingled by Mandarin” refers to the non- making full use of local social network relationships. In the authentic dialect mixed with Mandarin, including phonetic, investigation of the phenomenon of “dialect mingled by lexical and grammatical elements of Mandarin when using Mandarin”, respondents were required to use Hukou dialect. Hukou1 dialect. It is the phenomenon of language contact A total of 339 residents were interviewed, and 306 valid and language transfer (Thomason, et al. 1988; Thomason, samples were obtained with an effective rate of 90.27%. 2001). The characteristics of language contact differ in The length of communication time with respondents was different dialects. Residents in Hukou take their own dialect not limited, and basic information were obtained, including as the main communicative tool, language contact almost respondents’ gender, age, occupation, education level, and occurs between Hukou dialect and Mandarin. Language per capita disposable income of household (PCDI). After obtaining the consent of the interviewee, the transcript of the 1 Hukou County, located in the northern part of Jiangxi Province, interview was recorded, and 10-minute recording were in the jurisdiction of Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, was named for the adopted randomly to carry out the statistics of heterogeneous intersection of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, a total area of 669 words. In the process of statistics, a number of locals were square kilometers, the household registration population of 300,000 (late invited to help identify the attributes of heterogeneous words. 2017). Copyright © 2019, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 1064 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 329 B. Variables Selection [tȿʅ33tau35]. In the same way, “想 (xiăng) [ɕiɑŋ214] (miss)”, 35 35 1) Heterogeneous words: All elements of language can people now use [siang ] or [ɕiaŋ ] to replace the standard 31 affect each other, and vocabularies are the most susceptible dialect [tɕiɛn ]. 214 to be influenced in language competition. In order to 3) Pronouns: As the personal pronoun “你 (nǐ) [ni ] 34 quantify the phenomenon of “dialect mingled by Mandarin”, (you)”, Hukou dialect uses [ŋ ], but now some young people 34 this paper mainly selects heterogeneous words to reflect its express it directly as [ni ]. Also like the azimuth pronoun 51 214 degree. Heterogeneous words refer to the number of “那里(nàlǐ) [nA li ] (there)”, the authentic Hukou dialect 34 phonetics and vocabularies approaching to Mandarin. The pronounced [ən li], and now more and more people express 34 rate of heterogeneous word refers to the rate of the number as [nA li]. 51 of heterogeneous words accounted for the total number of 4) Adverbs: The degree adverb “这么 (zhème) [tȿə mə] 51 214 words in respondents’ speech. (so)”, such as “ 这么好(zhème hăo) [tȿə mə Xau ] (so 51 214 2) Information variables: Respondents’ basic good)” and “这么傻 (zhème shă) [tȿə mə ȿA ]” (so silly), 33 21 35 33 21 33 information includes gender, age, occupation, education the traditional pronunciation is “[i kə xau ], [i kə xa ]”, level and PCDI. In the descriptive statistics below, the and in recent years some young people use the Mandarin 23 dimension of age was divided into 7 equal parts from 11 to pronunciation [tȿə mə]. 51 70. Besides, the degree of education was divided into 3 5) Others: For example, the quantifier “个 (gè) [kə ] 35 levels, and PCDI was divided into 3 intervals according to (a/an)”, in Hukou dialect it pronounced [tȿʌ ], but many 35 55 the level of economic development in Jiangxi Province. people directly express it [kɔ ], the numerals “七 [tɕi ] (qī) (seven)”, the standard pronunciation belongs to the sharp and III. ANALYSIS OF INTERVIEW DATA turbid tone, while more and more people lose the sharp tone, and pronounced as normal [ʥi21]. Again, the adjective “坏 A. Analysis of Examples (huài) [Xuai51] (bad)”, [xuai23] replaces the former “Dialect mingled by Mandarin” reflecting in phonetics is pronunciation [suo31]. The conjunctions, “并且 [piŋ51 tɕiɛ214] embodied in the sound, rhyme, tune approaching to the (bìngqiĕ) (and)”, Hukou pronunciation [biŋ34ʣiʌ35] is phonetic system of Mandarin, and the unvoiced sound are somewhat similar to Mandarin, but the pronunciation of basically converted to voiced one. “Dialect mingled by “dialect mingled by Mandarin” is different, [piŋ34ʣhiɛ35] is Mandarin” reflecting in vocabularies is expressed as the use of Mandarin vocabularies when dialect communication is closer to Mandarin. blocked because dialect vocabularies have not been inherited. There are countless examples like this. The degree to Here are some examples from the respondents’ words from which different “dialect mingled by Mandarin” phenomena the perspective of lexical classification. are accepted varies widely, such as the proper noun: “鲁迅 (LuXun) [lu214ɕyn51]”, the standard dialect is [lu34sin35], but 1) Nouns: For example, the common term “技术 (jìshù) now we use [lu34ɕyn35] largely and without distinction. Some [ʨi51 ȿu51] (technology)”, it is expressed as [ʥi45 ɕvɛ12] in phenomena are difficult to accept by the majority due to Hukou dialect, but it is pronounced as [ʨi45 ȿu12] in “dialect some reasons, such as the “技术” mentioned above. mingled by Mandarin”. Also as the time noun “现在 (xiànzài) [ɕiɛn51tsai51] (at the moment)”, it is expressed as [ŋ32zi11] in B. Descriptive Statistical Analysis Hukou dialect, but the unauthentic pronounciation is The five variables in "Table I" are taken as respondents’ [ɕiɛn34zai45]. individual characteristic variable, in order to understand the 2) Verbs: For example, “ 浪费 (làngfèi) [lɑŋ51 fei51] distribution of individual characteristic of “dialect mingled (waste)”, it’s expressed as [miɛ212 tsi354 ɡuɛ12] in Hukou by Mandarin”. dialect, but many people cannot speak dialect then direct use 1) Gender: Of the respondents, there are 135 men and 45 12 the Mandarin vocabulary [loŋ fei ]. Again, for example “知 171 women. The number of people appearing “dialect 55 51 道 (zhīdào) [tȿʅ tau ]” (know), residents almost used mingled by Mandarin” is 186. [ɕiau35tə] previously, but now it’s replaced by the fashion TABLE I. GENDER DIFFERENCES Man Woman Rate (%) Rate of heterogeneous words (%) Rate (%) Rate of heterogeneous words (%) 39.26 4.23 60.23 5.87 a. Note: the “rate” refers to the rate of the “dialect mingled by Mandarin” phenomenon among the respondents, and