A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 By Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 and Postscript, Zimbabwe, 2001-2008, by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo This book first published 2009 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2009 by Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-1360-5, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-1360-0 To Kelebogile Clara and Ruvimbo Heather And to the memory of Eddison. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................. xiii Preface....................................................................................................... xv Summary ................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 Chapter One............................................................................................. 11 From the Occupation of Mashonaland to the Ndebele and Shona Risings, 1890-1898 Introduction; major developments (1884-1890); the Moffat Treaty, (11 February, 1888); the Rudd Concession (30 October, 1888); the Charter of the British South Africa Company (29 October, 1889); the Pioneer Column’s march to Mashonaland, (June-September, 1890); the occupation of Mashonaland (1890); the occupation of Manicaland (1890); early life of the white settlers in Mashonaland; the administration of Mashonaland, (1891-1895); the planting of Christianity in Mashonaland and Manicaland (1891-1895); the conquest of Matabeleland (1893) and the administration of Matabeleland, (1893-1895); the Ndebele and Shona Risings, (1896- 1897) and their aftermath (1897-1898); summary and conclusion. Chapter Two ............................................................................................ 33 From the Establishment of the Native Reserves to Responsible Government, 1897-1923 Introduction; the establishment of the Native Reserves, (1898- 1923); economic developments, (1897-1923); the contribution of Christian Missions to African Education, (1899-1923); Government, Christian Missions and African education (1899-1923); Christian Missions and the Ministry of Healing (1893-1923); the road to Responsible Government (1898-1923); summary and conclusion. viii Table of Contents Chapter Three.......................................................................................... 54 From Responsible Government to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1923-1953 Introduction; the land problem (1923-1953); the franchise question (1923-1953); economic developments, (1923-1953); developments in African Education (1924-1953); summary and conclusion. Chapter Four ........................................................................................... 71 The Rise and Fall of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1953-1963 Introduction; the origins of the Federation, (1938-1953); major political developments, (1953-1960); the policy of partnership, (1953-1960); the Monckton Commission’s Report on the future of the Federation (1960); the major developments, (1961-1963); summary and conclusion. Chapter Five .......................................................................................... 101 Southern Rhodesia: From the Launching of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland to the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), 1953 -1965 Introduction; the premiership of Mr. Garfield Todd, (1953-1958); African nationalism in Southern Rhodesia, (1957-1965); the road to Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence (1963-1965); the Unilateral Declaration of Independence; summary and conclusion. Chapter Six ............................................................................................ 128 From the Unilateral Declaration of Independence to the Pearce Commission, 1965-1972 Introduction; British economic sanctions against Rhodesia (1965- 1966); the Tiger proposals for a settlement and its aftermath, (1966- 1968); the Fearless proposals for a settlement (1968); the United Nations mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia in 1966 and in 1968; the Rhodesian Government’s Proposals For A New Constitution For Rhodesia, (1969), the Land Tenure Act, (1969), and their aftermath, (1969-1970); the Anglo-Rhodesian Proposals For A Settlement of the Rhodesian problem (1971); the formation of the African National Council (ANC) in 1971; the appointment of the Pearce Commission (1971); the Pearce Commission’s Report and its aftermath, (1972); summary and conclusion. A History of Zimbabwe, 1890-2000 ix Chapter Seven........................................................................................ 153 From the Pearce Commission to the Internal Settlement Agreement, 1972-1978 Introduction; the struggle for majority rule in Rhodesia (1966- 1972); the developments in Mozambique and their impact on Rhodesia (1972-1976); Dr. Henry Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy in southern Africa and its aftermath (1976); the Geneva Conference on Rhodesia and its aftermath (1976-1977); the road to the Internal Settlement (1977-1978); the major provisions of the Internal Settlement Agreement; summary and conclusion. Chapter Eight......................................................................................... 181 From the Internal Settlement to the Lancaster House Conference, 3 March, 1978-10 September, 1979 Introduction; the response to the Internal Settlement Agreement inside Rhodesia and abroad; the major developments (4 March-27 April, 1978); the dismissal of Minister Byron Hove from the Transitional Government and its aftermath (28 April-14 May, 1978); the Executive Council’s call for a ceasefire and the response of the Patriotic Front leaders to the call for a ceasefire; major developments (September-November, 1978); the impact of the war on Salisbury (11-20 December, 1978); the provisions of the Draft Constitution for Zimbabwe Rhodesia (January, 1979); Mr. Smith’s campaign for acceptance of the Draft Constitution by white voters in a referendum on 30 January, 1979 and the results of the referendum; the debate in Parliament on the Draft Constitution and the approval of the Draft Constitution by Parliament (February, 1979); the response abroad to the new Constitution; the ‘majority rule’ election and its aftermath (April-June, 1979); the major developments (May-July, 1979); the search for a ceasefire and an end to the war (March-July, 1979); the Lusaka Commonwealth Conference (August, 1979); the opening of the Lancaster House Conference (10 September, 1979); summary and conclusion. x Table of Contents Chapter Nine.......................................................................................... 218 From Lancaster House to independence, December, 1979-April, 1980 Introduction; the opening speeches at the Lancaster House conference; the British constitutional proposals for Zimbabwe; the response of the Patriotic Front and of the Zimbabwe Rhodesia delegation to the British constitutional proposals; the transitional arrangements; the appointment of Lord Christopher Soames as interim Governor of Rhodesia; the British proposals for a ceasefire and the Patriotic Front’s response; the signing of the Ceasefire Agreement (15 December, 1979) and the Constitutional Agreement (21 December, 1979); the campaign for the independence election (January-February, 1980); the independence election and its aftermath (March-April, 1980). Chapter Ten ........................................................................................... 255 The Post-Independence Period (1980-2000) Introduction; the stresses and strains in the Government of National Unity (1980-1982); the problem of dissidents in Matabeleland and the Government’s response (1982-1984); the road to the Unity Accord between ZANU (PF) and ZAPU (1985-1987); the land problem (1980-1998); the developments which led to the formation of the Movement for Democratic Change (1992-1998); the launching of the Movement for Democratic Change (1999); the June, 2000 Parliamentary election and its aftermath (July- December, 2000); Women’s rights in Zimbabwe, (1980-2000); Human rights in Zimbabwe (1984-2000); summary and conclusion. Postscript................................................................................................ 306 Zimbabwe, 2001-2008 Introduction; the arrests and harassment of the leading members of the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) by the Government prior to, and after the presidential elections of March 9-11, 2002; the presidential elections; reports of four observer groups to the presidential elections; other developments (2002- 2004); the March, 2005 parliamentary elections and their aftermath (March-December, 2007); the food crisis (July, 2001-March, 2008); economic mismanagement (April, 2001-February, 2008); the March, 2008 parliamentary and presidential elections and their aftermath (April-June, 2008); reports of three observer groups to the run-off presidential election and its aftermath; the major