1983 ANNUAL REPORT TECHNICAL SUMMARY THE BEAN/COWPEA COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM ( CRSP) MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Furced through USAID/BIFAD Grant NJo. AID/DSAN-XII-G-0261 The complete 1983 Technical Summary is available in Spanish. The reports of those projects underway in Brazil are available in Portuguese and those in Senegal and Cameroon are available in French. These special language editions are available from the MO. For further information contact: Bean/Cowpea CRSP 200 Center for International Programs Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1035 U.S.A. Telephone: (517) 355-4693 Telex: 810-251-0737 MSU INT PRO ELSG COVER PHOTOS: Center -- Rust on cowpea leaves. Bottom -- Bruchid on stored bean. Top -- Beans cooking at home site. Right -- Harvested cowpeas in pods. L TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........... .............. .... I ORGANIZATION OF THE BEAN/COWPEA CRSP . ... 4 PROJECT ANNU/, REPORTS: FY 83 . ..... 9 Botswana . .. 11 Brazil (Boyce Thompson Institute) . 18 Brazil (University of Wisconsin/Bliss) . 25 Brazil (University of Wisconsin/Hagedorn) . 33 Cameroon .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 Dominican Republic (liversity of Nebraska) . 45 Dominican Republic (University of Puerto Rico) . 52 Ecuador . .*. 57 Guatemala . 65 Honduras . 72 INCAP . 77 Kenya . 86 Malawi . 91 Mexico . 100 Nigeria (Michigan State University) . .. .. 109 Nigeria (University of Georgia) . 112 Senegal .. .... .......... 120 Tanzania . 130 TABLE OF ACRONYMS . 139 C INTRODUCTION The Bean/Cowpea CRSP is a program of coordinated projects in Africa and Latin America addressing hunger ano malnutrition through research on the production and utilization of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata). The goal of the Bean/Cowpea CRSP reflects the mission of the Title XII "Famine Prevention and Freedom from Hunger Act" of the US Foreign Assistance Act under which the program is funded. It is to establish active and vigorous collaborative research efforts that will contribute to the alleviation of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries by improving the availability ano utilization of these foods. In the true spirit of collaboration, the CRSP also makes a significant contribution to agriculture in the US through the increased knowledge and materials generated by the research partnerships with Host Countries (HCs). The research findings and identified biological resources hold potential for solving or reducing important agricultural constraints to bean and cowpea production in the US and other legume producing nations. Beans and cowpeas are dietary staples in the HCs associated with this CRSP. Among many families, these legumes provide the major source of high quality, affordable protein as well as an important source of B vitamins. Beans and cowpeas generally are grown as food for household consumption, rather than as export crops. They are typically grown on subsistence farms and, in some countries, are grown solely by women, on whose shoulders rests the major responsibility for providing the food for family consumption. CRSP research seeks to strengthen the resources available to these producers. To support its goal, the CRSP directs its attention to: 1. Building strong and collegial professional relationships among the HC and US leadership in each project; 2. Making financial resources available for both HC and US research activity; 3. Emphasizing multidisciplinary research integrating production and non­ production issues; 4. Focusing on research in traditional settings; 5. Paying specific attention to the roles and participation of women; 6. Being alert to mechanisms for information dissemination; and 7. Supporting HC educational opportunities to strengthen long-term legume research capability within the country. CRSP research is concerned with genetics and plant breeding, agronomics, economics, nutricion and socio-cultural factors. A global research plan, developed jointly by HC ano US colleagues, formed the basis for the design of tne eighteen collaborative projects. These vigorous international research partnersh:ips directly involve research institutions in thirteen HCs, two international centers and fourteen US agricultural research institutions, which include the nine having leaO roles in the CRSP. Funded in September of 1980, the Bean/Cowpea CRSP has now been in existence for three years. Bean/Cowpea CRSP Strategy The Bean/Cowpea CRSP strategy is to bring together the scientific resources of the identified countries to address universal constraints to the production, availability and consumption of beans and cowpeas and to address the con­ straints through research in settings where they have unique local importance. Toward this end the program supports research which encompasses the following objectives: 1. Variety improvement; 2. Insect and disease control; 3. Productive and stable farming systems management with special attention to beans and cowpeas; 4. Efficient nitrogen fixation and soil phosphorus utilization; 5. Drought and heat tolerance; 6. Improved seed and seed availability; 7. Improved storage and methods of preparation; 8. improved nutrition and digestibilty; 9. Reduced cooking requirements; ana 10. Understanding of the socio-economic implications of agronomic intervention. While individual projects are directed toward specific production/con­ sumption constraints, a number of generalized goals are shared by all the projects. These include: 1. Training HC professional and technical personnel; 2. Strengthening research capability in collaborating institutions; 3. Building long-term collaborative relationsh'ips among senior US researchers, their counterparts in research institutions in HCs and HC/US professionals-in-training; and 4. Recognizing the social and environmental constraints to small farmer production and the central role that women play in agriculture in many HC contexts. -2­ The CRSP avoids unnecessary duplication in existing research. It participates with national programs and regional and international centers in identifying constraints and in planning and executing research. It will utilize the same iinkages to disseminate its research findings. General Features of CRSPs The Bean/Cowpea CRSP is one of seven current CRSP programs. Unique features of CRSPs include: 1. The involvement of leading scientists from US institutions, many of whom would not otherwise be engaged in international work; 2. Major resource contributions from US and HC institutions which combine to nearly equal the United Stdtes Agency for International Development (USAID) contributions; 3. Scientist-to-scientist and institution-to-institution linkages with major emphasis on program activities in HCs; and 4. Dual benefits to both US and HC agriculture which offer an incentive to state legislatures and universities to participate, Unique Features of the Bean/Cowpea CRSP While the Bean/Cowpea CRSP shares common features with other CRSPs, it has organizational and administrative characteristics which give it a separate identity. These c-haracteristics are listed below. 1. A manageable yet large enough number (nine) of Title XII lead institutions provide a rich pool of professional leadership and ecological diversity fnr CRSP research: Colorado State University (CSU), Cornell University, Michigan State University (MSU), University of California (UC), University of Georgia (UG), University of Nebraska (UNE), University of Puerto Rico (LPR), University of Wisconsin (UW) and Washington State University (WS'J). 2. Research teams with broad technical expertise from lead institution scientists are often augmented by researchers from other collaborating US institutions. One project includes five collaborating US institutions, one includes three and five include two collaborating US institutions. The remaining ten projects involve a single US institution. In addition, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research manages one project. 3. Collaborative relationships exist with institutions and/or universities in thirteen countries in East and West Africa, Central and South America and the Caribbean: Botswana, Brazil, Cameroon, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi, Mexico, Nigeria, Senegal and Tanzania. Brazil hosts three projects; the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Nigeria each hosts two projects; and the remaining countries host one project. 4. In the planning process, the entire array of projects, US and HC institutions and investigators were identified prior to the operational -3­ establishment of the CRSP. Thus, the collaborative partnerships were in place at the initiation of each project. 5. There is a Women-in-Development (WID) position on the CRSP Management Office staff. With a program management role, the WID specialist is well integrated into the on-going functioning of the Management Office. Through various media, she facilitates the attention of the projects to WID-related issues and the participation of women as appropriate. 6. A policy of expending a minimum of one-half of project funds in or directly on behalf of the project's HC is maintained. These funds include money for HC nationals studying in the US and equipment purchased in the US to be transported to the HC. ORGANIZATION OF THE BEAN/COWPEA CRSP Michigan State University was awarded the Bean/Cowpea CRSP grant and became the Management Entity (ME) in September, 1980. The University created a Management Office (MO) for CRSP activities. Three groups--a Board of Directors (BOD), a Technical Committee (TC) and