ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AN APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE: EVALUATION OF POST-DISASTER SHELTERS IN TURKEY M.Sc. THESIS Santiago BRUSADIN VIOLA Department of Architecture Environmental Control and Building Technology Program JUNE 2013 v vi ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AN APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE: EVALUATION OF POST-DISASTER SHELTERS IN TURKEY M.Sc. THESIS Santiago BRUSADIN VIOLA (502111516) Department of Architecture Environmental Control and Building Technology Program Thesis advisor : Prof . Dr .A.Zerrin YILMAZ JUNE 2013 vii viii ĐSTANBUL TEKNĐK ÜNĐVERSĐTESĐ FEN BĐLĐMLERĐ ENSTĐTÜSÜ AFET MĐMARLIĞINDA ENERJĐ VERĐMLĐLĐĞĐ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBĐLĐRLĐK ĐÇĐN BĐR YAKLAŞIM: TÜRKĐYE'DEKĐ AFET SONRASI BARINAKLARININ DEĞERLENDĐRĐLMESĐ YÜKSEK LĐSANS TEZĐ Santiago BRUSADIN VIOLA (502111516) Mimarlık Anabilim Dalı Çevre Kontrolü ve Yapı Teknolojisi Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Danışmanı: Prof . Dr .A.Zerrin YILMAZ HAZĐRAN 2013 v vi Santiago BRUSADIN VIOLA , a M.Sc. student of ITU Institute of Architecture student ID 502111516 , successfully defended the thesis entitled “AN APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE: EVALUATION OF POST-DISASTER SHELTERS IN TURKEY” which he prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified i n the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor : Prof. Dr. A. Zerrin YILMAZ .............................. Istanbul Technical University Jury Members : Prof. Dr. Rengin ÜNVER .............................. Yıldız Technical University Yrd. Doç. Dr. Dilek YILDIZ .............................. Istanbul Technical University Date of Submission : 03 May 2013 Date of Defense : 05 June 2013 vii vi FOREWORD I would like to express my thanks to Prof. Dr. A. Zerrin Yılmaz who has played a key role in encouraging and coordinating this study. Her support and advice has been essential. I also would like to thank my mother, Ester, and my family for supporting me during this period and in every aspect of life. A special thank to my dear Hilal, for everything. June 2013 Santiago BRUSADIN (Architect) vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ............................................................................................................ vii ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. xix 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Aim of Thesis ..................................................................................................... 4 2. EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE ...................................................................... 7 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Temporary architecture ............................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Natural and human disasters ..................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Environmental protection .......................................................................... 11 2.2 Disaster Risk Management in the World ......................................................... 12 2.2.1 Japan .......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2 USA ........................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 China ......................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Disaster Risk Management in Turkey .............................................................. 17 2.4 Outstanding Examples of Emergency Architecture ......................................... 20 2.4.1 Prototypes of emergency shelters ............................................................. 20 2.4.2 Constructed emergency shelters ................................................................ 23 3. AN APPROACH TO A NEW GREEN RATING SYSTEM FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY IN EMERGENCY ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................. 27 3.1 Green Building Rating Systems ....................................................................... 27 3.1.1 LEED ........................................................................................................ 28 3.1.2 BREEAM .................................................................................................. 29 3.1.3 GRRT ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2 An Approach to a New Green Rating System for Emergency Shelters ........... 32 3.2.1 Main criteria selection ............................................................................... 32 3.2.2 Green rating system for emergency shelters ............................................. 33 3.2.3 Main criteria and sub-criteria description ................................................. 37 3.2.3.1 Site selection ...................................................................................... 37 3.2.3.2 Materials ............................................................................................. 39 3.2.3.3 Energy efficiency and renewable energies ......................................... 43 3.2.3.4 Water efficiency ................................................................................. 45 3.2.3.5 Indoor comfort ................................................................................... 45 ix 4. EVALUATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY OF SELECTED EMERGENCY SHELTERS .................................................. 49 4.1 Introduction of the Case Study Emergency Shelters ........................................ 49 4.2 Energy Performance Simulation Parameters .................................................... 58 4.3 Evaluation of Wooden Emergency Shelter ...................................................... 60 4.3.1 Wooden emergency shelter description ..................................................... 61 4.3.2 Wooden emergency shelter construction and materials ............................ 61 4.3.3 Green evaluation checklist......................................................................... 63 4.3.4 Energy performance simulation and results .............................................. 64 4.4 Evaluation of Plastic Emergency Shelter ......................................................... 67 4.4.1 Plastic emergency shelter description........................................................ 68 4.4.2 Plastic emergency shelter construction and materials ............................... 68 4.4.3 Green evaluation checklist......................................................................... 69 4.4.4 Energy performance simulation and results ............................................. 70 4.5 Evaluation of Metal Emergency Shelter ........................................................... 73 4.5.1 Metal emergency shelter description ......................................................... 74 4.5.2 Metal emergency shelter construction and materials ................................ 74 4.5.3 Green evaluation checklist......................................................................... 76 4.5.4 Energy performance simulation and results .............................................. 77 5. COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CASE STUDY EMERGENCY SHELTERS ............................................................................... 81 5.1 Green Evaluation Checklist Comparison ......................................................... 81 5.2 Operative Temperature Comparison ................................................................ 82 5.3 Energy Consumption Comparison .................................................................... 89 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 95 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 99 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 103 CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................................ 115 x ABBREVIATIONS BREEAM : BRE Environmental Assessment Method CM : Centimeters CCS : Concrete Canvas Shelter CO2 : Carbon dioxide FEMA : Federal Emergency Management Agency GRRT : Green Recovery and Reconstruction Toolkit HVAC : Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning LEED : Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design NGO : Non-governmental organization M2 : Square meters TRCS : Turkish Red Crescent Society USGBC : United States Green Building Council xi xii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 : Approach for green rating system for emergency shelters classification ...........................................................................................