A Publication of the Ontario Heritage Trust – August 2007 HeritageMatters From slavery to freedom Special Edition: Commemorating the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade 40th Anniversary 85th birthday 85e anniversaire www.heritagetrust.on.ca CONTENTS MESSAGE The Honourable Lincoln M. Alexander, Chairman of the Ontario Heritage Trust This Special Edition of Heritage Matters commemo- rates the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade in Ontario. It showcas- es our province’s remarkable Black heritage, tracing a dra- matic route from the dark- ness of slavery to the triumph of freedom. Photo courtesy of Gilbert & Associates, Toronto Associates, Photo courtesy of Gilbert & There are many stories to tell when you think of the Underground Railroad. Whether it’s the story of escaping slaves looking for the light of freedom, or people lending their support on this arduous journey – what remains is a legacy of courage that has defined our province. It is important that we remember these heroes, and honour them. Our young people, too, need role models – from every back- ground, of every colour and belief system – people whose actions and words have helped shape the cultural mosaic we treasure so 2 11 dearly today. Slavery in Ontario Chloe Cooley and the limitation of slavery in Ontario Ontarians are fortunate to have so many positive examples of heroes – both Black and white – who have fought (and continue to fight) for equality in our province and country. People like Harriet 4 14 Tubman – who devoted her life to fighting slavery and cham- Timeline to freedom Black heritage in blue and gold pioning the rights of women; Donovan Bailey – who became the world’s fastest human in 1995; my friend the late Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau – who introduced Canada’s multicultural policy in 6 16 1971; and Josiah Henson, a runaway slave who settled Featured organizations Black heritage resources in Dresden, Ontario, founded the Dawn Settlement in 1841 and was the inspiration behind Harriet Beecher Stowe’s celebrated novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. They are all heroes, all pioneers in the 7 fight for freedom, equality and understanding. Ontario’s Black heritage network We are humbled by their contribution to our society, grateful for their courageous acts and ever-mindful of the battles they fought and the challenges that remain today. Let us celebrate this rich heritage . together. And remember them. 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Publication Agreement Number 1738690 from the Ontario Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration for Trust activities © Queen’s Printer for Ontario, 2007 E&OE ISSN 1198-2454 celebrating the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade – Colour © Ontario Heritage Trust, 2007 The views and opinions expressed in this special Business card - $150 Photos © Ontario Heritage Trust, 2007, edition of Heritage Matters are not necessarily 08/07 including the publication of this Special Edition of Heritage Matters. 1/4 page - $300 unless otherwise indicated. those of the Ontario Heritage Trust. 1/2 page - $700 Full page - $1,200 Slavery in Ontario Slavery – one of the world’s oldest institutions, practised in almost every society – became increasingly identified with the Black peoples of Africa because of the trans-Atlantic slave trade (1518-1850). Close to 25 million people were purchased by European slaving Slavery gradually diminished in Canada. In 1793, after learning of powers and deported from their African homelands to work as slaves the forcible removal to the United States of an enslaved Black woman on the farms and plantations and in the factories and homes of whites named Chloe Cooley, Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe passed in every new world society from Canada to Argentina. The slave trade legislation that prohibited the importation of slaves into Upper Canada and enslavement of Africans contributed to European wealth and and set terms that limited slavery here. Another step towards the end dominance. of slavery occurred in 1807 with the abolition of the Atlantic slave At least 600,000 Africans arrived on the shores of what is now the trade, which prohibited the transportation of slaves but did not abolish United States during the slavery. Slavery ended height of the slave trade. outright with Britain’s This number climbed to Abolition of Slavery Act, four million by the start of which became law on the 1861 American Civil August 1, 1834, completely War. The labour provided abolishing the institution by these enslaved Africans throughout its empire, helped to establish the including Canada. This Act United States as the meant that everywhere in wealthiest economy in the the British Empire, all world. Although the north- Blacks would be consid- ern states abolished slavery ered free persons and by 1827, it continued to have the right to freedom. grow in the south. Legally, the abolition The first recorded of slavery put Blacks and instance of African whites on equal footing It is a little-known and sad reality that enslavement in Canada and sent the message that Henson family arrives in Canada. Photo: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site African slavery existed in what is now dates to 1628 with Olivier society considered slavery Ontario. The practice came to the province LeJeune, a young boy from to be morally wrong and American Civil War. Its primary objective was to assist runaway slaves on Madagascar. After this something to be fought. their journeys to freedom. Escape routes led from the American South to with the United Empire Loyalists who emi- date, slavery in Canada Canadian Blacks and other places such as Mexico and the Caribbean, but most frequently to Canada. “To be sold” poster. Photo: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site grated here after the American Revolution, expanded and was institu- abolitionists continued to Escapees fled on foot and by coach, train and water. There tionalized under the French and British regimes. Many of the enslaved defend Black rights in Canada through education and demonstrating were numerous routes leading from the southern slave states to the north- many bringing slaves with them. were born in Canada but others came from the United States, the against American slavery, by working to improve the condition of life ern US and Canada. Many freedom seekers who came to Ontario settled Caribbean, Africa and Europe. for Canadian Blacks through schools and successful Black settle- in the Windsor region and St. Catharines before later moving to other areas It is a little-known and sad reality that African slavery existed in ments, and by taking up arms and serving in the “Colored Corps” – a of the province. what is now Ontario. The practice came to the province with the United Black militia unit. Slavery in Ontario had a terrible impact on those who suffered under Empire Loyalists who emigrated here after the American Revolution, With the abolition of slavery, many African Americans also began it. As the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to take steps to limit slavery, many bringing slaves with them. to view Canada as a haven from slavery in the southern United States, Ontario has reason to be proud. But neither Simcoe’s pioneering Act to limit The Canadian climate, with its short growing season and harsh and racism and discrimination in the North. Canada offered protection slavery nor the British Act that abolished it succeeded in ending racism or winters, was not suited to the large-style plantation system of the to refugees from slavery and set legal precedents that denied extradi- marginalization in Canada. Social freedom and equality were more difficult southern States. Nor was it economically viable to feed and house tion requests for slaves. to attain. Yet by facing and overcoming tremendous challenges, many slaves throughout the winter. As a result, most slaves in Ontario filled Over 30,000 Blacks made it safely to Canada via the Underground Blacks were able to establish new lives and enduring communities here. domestic roles – cooks, butlers and servants in the homes of the Railroad – a secret network of free African Americans, sympathetic wealthy and elite. whites and First Nations people – during the period prior to the 2 Based on the research and writing of Dr. Afua Cooper and assistant Neeka Morris, Dr. Karolyn Smardz-Frost and Adrienne Shadd. TIMELINE TO FREEDOM 1793 – Chloe Cooley, an enslaved person, is forced to cross the Niagara River;