Defining Moments The GREAT MIGRATION NORTH, 1910-1970 Laurie Lanzen Harris 155 W. Congress, Suite 200 Detroit, MI 48226 Table of Contents Preface . .ix How to Use This Book . .xiii Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Great Migration North . .xv NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . .3 Chapter One: Becoming African American . .7 Chapter Two: The First Great Migration . .25 Chapter Three: The Second Great Migration . .49 Chapter Four: The Civil Rights Movement . .69 Chapter Five: The “Return” Migration . .89 Chapter Six: The Legacy of the Great Migration . .101 BIOGRAPHIES Robert S. Abbott (1870-1940) . .117 Newspaper Publisher, Founder, and Editor of the Chicago Defender Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) . .122 Educator and Civil Rights Activist Tom Bradley (1917-1998) . .126 Politician and First Black Mayor of Los Angeles W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963) . .129 Scholar, Historian, and Civil Rights Leader v Defining Moments: The Great Migration North, 1910-1970 Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) . .135 Jamaican Black Nationalist and Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association Lorraine Hansberry (1930-1965) . .139 Playwright and Author of A Raisin in the Sun Langston Hughes (1902-1967) . .144 Poet, Short Story Writer, and Playwright of the Harlem Renaissance Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) . .147 Civil Rights Leader and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000) . .153 Creator of The Migration and Other Artistic Works about the African-American Experience A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) . .157 Labor and Civil Rights Leader Malcolm X (1925-1965) . .162 Political and Religious Leader and Civil Rights Activist PRIMARY SOURCES The Chicago Defender Reports on Lynchings in the Jim Crow South . .169 The Massacre of East St. Louis . .171 The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 . .174 African Americans Praise Life in the North . .181 Langston Hughes Remembers the Harlem Renaissance . .186 President Roosevelt Signs the Fair Employment Act . .189 An Eyewitness Account of the 1943 Race Riot in Detroit . .191 President Truman Integrates the American Military . .195 An African-American Migrant Builds a New Life in the North . .197 The Kerner Report Analyzes the Root Causes of Racial Tensions in America . .203 vi Table of Contents Reasons for the “Return Migration” to the South . .208 The Great Migration and Its Enduring Impact on America . .211 Important People, Places, and Terms . .217 Chronology . .223 Sources for Further Study . .229 Bibliography . .231 Photo and Illustration Credits . .233 Index . .235 vii.