The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Humanities Master Dissertations 2016 The influence of Kiswahili and English to ethnic community language: A case of Runyambo in Karagwe district Dauda, Ally The University of Dodoma Dauda, A. (2016). The influence of Kiswahili and English to ethnic community language: A case of Runyambo in Karagwe district. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1087 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. THE INFLUENCE OF KISWAHILI AND ENGLISH TO ETHNIC COMMUNITY LANGUAGE: A CASE OF RUNYAMBO IN KARAGWE DISTRICT By Ally Dauda A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Linguistics of the University of Dodoma The University of Dodoma October, 2016. CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled, “The Influence of Kiswahili and English to Ethnic Community language: A Case of Runyambo in Karagwe District” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistic of the University of Dodoma. Dr. Athumani S. Ponera ………………………………………. (SUPERVISOR) Date……………………………….. i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Ally Dauda, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for the similar or any other degree award. Signature…………………………… Date………………………………. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or of the University of Dodoma ii AKNOWLEGEMENTS First and foremost, I wish to thank Allah for keeping me and my supervisor alive and healthier, inspiring us courage to carry on and complete this work on time. Secondly, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr Athumani S. Ponera, for giving me light on how to conduct this scholarly work. This work would have not been easily done without his guidance. Surely, no acknowledgement can suffice to describe my debt to him. In case of the drawbacks in this work, they are my own weaknesses and they should be directed to me. I would also like to thank my family; particularly my beloved mom and father, Zainabu Mukamrigo Tarisisi and Dauda Ibrahimu Ally, for advising me to pursue this course and their close collaboration during my study, Katonda abahe emigisha. Finally, I sincerely express my deepest gratitude to my lovely wife, Zaudia Issa Hamidu Rukazibwa, who is continuing to support me materially and mentally, Luhanga amwebembele. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my beloved Parents, Zainabu Mukamrigo Tarisisi and Dauda Ibrahim Ally. May almighty Allah grant them a hundred of years in this world and Jannah in the paradise. iv ABSTRACT The central purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of Kiswahili and English to Runyambo. The aim was to attempt to provide status of ECLs and Runyambo in particular. Runyambo is on pressure exerted from prestigious languages such as English and Kiswahili which has made the majority of Banyambo slowly abandon the use of Runyambo in most domains. If the situation goes on, there is a risk that in the future Runyambo will be among the most endangered languages. With reference to the current situation, the need to conduct this study arose in order to reduce the great pressure exerted on Runyambo by English and Kiswahili. This study was guided by three objective, which are: to find out the factors for preference of English and Kiswahili over Runyambo; to investigate the linguistic effects of English and Kiswahili on ethnic community languages, particularly Runyambo; and to identify the measures on how to rescue ECLs, Runyambo as a case study. Data were collected from two villages of Kishao and Bugene. Data were collected through questionnaires, sociolinguistic interview, and observation. This study found that there is a great pressure from Kiswahili to Runyambo language. The factors mentioned to be deriving this pressure are: intermarriage, education policy, increasing gap among youth and elders, parental shift in language transmission, and migratory factors such as trade and employment. The study also observed linguistic effects of Kiswahili and English to Runyambo. These were; code switching which included inter-sentential and intra-sentential switching, changing of Runyambo numerical system, borrowing, particularly core borrowing and cultural borrowing as well as replacement of traditional naming system. Lastly, the measures to rescue ECLs were found to be: to increase status of ECL, teaching of ECL at family level and writing books in ECL which are educational material such as v syllabus, dictionaries, class books and references. Others are reducing gap between elders and youth, changing attitude towards ethnic community language and intra-marriage. As an advice, the researcher recommends to the government to inaugurate projects of preserving ECLs and allow the uses of ECLs in some domains while linguists are advised to compile and disseminate ECLs books. vi TABLES OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................ i DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ................................................................................ ii AKNOWLEGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... iv ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... v TABLES OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the Problem ............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Objective ........................................................................................................ 4 1.4.1 General Objective ....................................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 4 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 4 1.7 Geographical Location ................................................................................................... 5 1.8 The History of Banyambo .............................................................................................. 5 1.8.1 Political Organization ................................................................................................. 6 1.8.2 The Great Past of the Karagwe Kingdom ................................................................... 8 1.8.3 Language Ideologies in Karagwe .............................................................................. 13 1.8.3.1 Before Colonialism ................................................................................................ 13 1.8.3.2 During Foreign Rule .............................................................................................. 14 1.8.3.3 During 1961-1980 .................................................................................................. 16 1.8.3.4 During 1980-2000 .................................................................................................. 17 1.8.4 Language Ideologies in Changing Policy Context .................................................... 18 1.9 Scope of the Study ....................................................................................................... 21 1.10 Summary .................................................................................................................... 21 vii CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................. 22 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................. 22 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22 2.2 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 22 2.3 Relevance