The Indo-European Syllable Brill’s Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics Series Editors Craig Melchert (University of California at Los Angeles) Olav Hackstein (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich) Editorial Board José-Luis García-Ramón (University of Cologne) Andrew Garrett (University of California at Berkeley) Stephanie Jamison (University of California at Los Angeles) Joshua T. Katz (Princeton University) Alexander Lubotsky (Leiden University) Alan J. Nussbaum (Cornell University) Georges-Jean Pinault (École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris) Jeremy Rau (Harvard University) Elisabeth Rieken (Philipps-Universität Marburg) Stefan Schumacher (Vienna University) VOLUME 15 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsiel The Indo-European Syllable Βy Andrew Miles Byrd LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: South Indian Sanskrit manuscript. Ms EO 0069, Aṣṭādhyāyī, folio 22v. Picture courtesy of the École française d’extreme-orient. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Byrd, Andrew Miles, 1979–author. The Indo-European syllable / by Andrew Miles Byrd. pages cm. — (Brill’s Studies in Indo-European languages & linguistics; Volume 15) Revision of the authors Thesis (Ph. D.)—UCLA, 2010. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-29254-3 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-29302-1 (e-book) 1. Indo-European language—Syllabication. 2. Indo-European languages—Phonology. 3. Reconstruction (Linguistics) I. Title. P591.B974 2015 414—dc23 2015008275 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1875-6328 isbn 978-90-04-29254-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29302-1 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. 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To Brenna, whose patience, support, and sleepless nights made this book possible. ∵ Contents Acknowledgements xi List of Symbols and Abbreviations xiii PART 1 Preliminaries 1 An Overview of the Indo-European Sound System 5 1.1 The Reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European 5 1.2 The Indo-European Sound System 6 1.2.1 Phonemic Inventory 7 1.2.2 Consonant Clusters 13 1.2.3 Phonological Processes 18 1.3 Indo-European Accent and Ablaut 34 2 Phonological Theory & Past Views of the Indo-European Syllable 41 2.1 Phonological Frameworks 42 2.1.1 Relevance to IE Phonology 43 2.1.2 Indo-European Conspiracies 48 2.2 Theoretical Assumptions of the Syllable 48 2.3 The Decomposition Theorem 54 2.3.1 Exceptions to the Decomposition Theorem 57 2.3.2 Establishing the Decomposition Theorem as a Linguistic Universal 63 2.3.3 Fine-tuning the Decomposition Theorem 66 2.4 Earlier Views of the Indo-European Syllable 69 PART 2 The Proposal 3 The Maximum Syllable Template 85 3.1 Past Uses of the Decomposition Theorem in Indo-European Studies 85 3.2 A First Look at Stray Erasure: Lex Schmidt-Hackstein 88 3.2.1 Evidence and Past Scholarship 89 3.2.2 Counterexamples 93 3.2.3 Hackstein’s Syllable-Based Treatment of CHCC > CCC 95 viii contents 3.3 Deducing Indo-European Syllabification 95 3.3.1 Proto-Indo-European ‘Father’ 97 3.3.2 Why does *#CHC- simplify to *#CC-? 101 3.3.3 Extrasyllabic Consonants in Coda Position 105 3.3.4 Revisions to CHCC > CCC 107 3.3.5 *RF$ 107 3.3.6 Extrasyllabicity Test #1: Monosyllabic Lengthening 113 3.3.7 Extrasyllabic Consonants in Onset Position 117 3.3.8 Extrasyllabicity Test #2: Reduplication 118 3.3.9 The Rule of Onset Extrasyllabicity 121 3.4 Review of PIE Extrasyllabicity 123 3.5 The Maximum Syllable Template 123 3.6 The métron Rule 126 3.7 Couching the Analysis in Optimality Theory 128 3.8 Exceptions to the MST? 132 3.9 Conclusions 134 4 Schindler’s Exceptions and the Phonology-Morphology Interface 135 4.1 What We Know So Far 135 4.1.1 Keydana 2008: R/C 137 4.1.2 Cooper 2012: Adjusting the Sonority Hierarchy 139 4.1.3 Review 143 4.2 Nasal-infixed Presents: An Overview 144 4.3 The Usual Solution: Syllabification by Analogy 145 4.4 Solution 1: Syllabification as Underlying 148 4.5 Solution 2: Correspondence by Derivation 153 4.6 Solution 3: Invoking the pword (ω) 162 4.7 Solution 4: Syllabification & Syncope 167 4.8 Conclusions 177 PART 3 Ramifications 5 Motivating Sievers’ Law 183 5.1 Introduction and Overview 183 5.2 Overview of Sievers’ Law 183 5.2.1 Evidence in the Daughter Languages 186 5.2.2 Einzelsprachlich or Inherited? 188 5.2.3 Schindler 1977 190 Contents ix 5.3 Motivating Sievers’ Law: The Avoidance of Superheavy Syllables 192 5.3.1 Framework Used in Analysis 193 5.3.2 The Stem Level 195 5.3.3 The Postlexical Level 197 5.3.4 Overgeneration 200 5.4 Consequences of Analysis 204 5.4.1 Advantages 204 5.4.2 Disadvantages 204 5.4.3 Predictions 206 5.5 Summary and Conclusions 207 6 Motivating Pinault’s Law 208 6.1 Introduction and Overview 208 6.2 The Data 209 6.2.1 Instances of Deletion 210 6.2.2 Instances of Retention 215 6.2.3 Conflicting Data 218 6.2.4 Discussion 219 6.3 Motivating Pinault’s Law: The Impossibility of a Palatalized Pharyngeal 221 6.4 Implications 233 6.5 Conclusions 236 7 The Indo-European Syllable: A Review 241 PART 4 Appendices A Index of Indo-European Roots & Words 259 B Proto-Indo-European Edge Phonotactics 279 C Glossary of Concepts and Constraints 283 D Research Study on -ic Formations 286 References 289 Acknowledgements This book, a heavily revised version of my dissertation Reconstructing Indo- European Syllabification, would not be nearly as good—and probably never even completed—if I had not been helped by so many along the way. I would first like to thank my dissertation advisor, Η. Craig Melchert, for giving an effective mix of skepticism and support throughout the dissertation process and its transition to a monograph, and for putting a bug in my ear that the topic of Indo-European syllabification was one that so sorely needed revisiting. I was blessed to have had a committee of excellent scholars at my disposal during my time at UCLA, with Kie Zuraw aiding me through the intri- cacies of phonology and Brent Vine, Cal Watkins, and Chris Stevens guiding me through the mysteries of Indo-European linguistics. I am indebted to the many other teachers that I have had throughout my academic career, beginning with Jared Klein at the University of Georgia (to whom I am eternally thankful for his continued support), followed by Onofrio Carruba in Pavia, Jeremy Rau and Jay Jasanoff at Harvard, and Vyacheslav Ivanov, Raimo Anttila, and Stephanie Jamison at UCLA. I am most especially grateful to Stephanie during my time in L.A., whose insightful work, though rarely dealing with syllabification per se, has taught me the value of effective presentation and of common-sense scholarship. I have also been fortunate to have studied phonology with Bruce Hayes and Kie Zuraw during my stay at UCLA, and to have been introduced to the wonderful world of Georgian (whose con sonant clusters still make me giddy) with Pam Munro and Manana Batashvili as my guides. I would also like to thank all of my fellow UCLA PIES graduate students, though especially Jessica DeLisi, who has been most kind to have read through multiple incarnations of what follows over the course of many years, as well as the sole other member of my 2004 cohort, Dieter Gunkel, for six years of challenging discussions and ideas. Since leaving UCLA, I have been fortunate to become part of a supportive and forward-thinking linguistic community here at the University of Kentucky. Over the past four years I have received a number of excellent suggestions on the work that follows from Mingzhen Bao, Rusty Barrett, Jennifer Cramer, Fabiola Henri, Andrew Hippisley, Mark Lauersdorf, Jeanmarie Rouhier-Willoughsby, Tim Sundell, and Greg Stump. In addition, I would also like to thank the fol- lowing scholars for their helpful advice over the years: Peter Barber, Chiara Bozzone, Adam Cooper, Michael Erlach, Joe Eska, José Luis García Ramón, Romain Garnier, Piotr Gąsiorowski, David Goldstein, Joshua Katz, Ron Kim, Paul Kiparsky, Masato Kobayashi, Guus Kroonen, Martin Kümmel, Sasha xii acknowledgements Lubotsky, Jesse Lundquist, Martin Macak, Melanie Malzahn, Alan Nussbaum, Norbert Oettinger, Birgit Anette Olsen, Georges-Jean Pinault, Karl Praust, Jens Rasmussen, Joe Rhyne, Ryan Sandell, Caley Smith, Thomas Steer, Roman Sukac, Mark Wenthe, Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead, Tony Yates, and Nicholas Zair. I am particularly indebted to Olav Hackstein and an anonymous reviewer at Brill for the many helpful comments on this work, as well as to Stephanie Paalvast, Assistant Editor at Brill, for her help throughout this entire process. I would also like to show my sincere appreciation to Götz Keydana, who has been kind enough to give me helpful criticisms and suggestions since 2009 and whose work the reader will no doubt recognize to be especially influential on my own, even in in stances where I disagree with him.