ESID NT OF E PR EN E H M JU T T T S F O R T O F A I U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office of the President T C H P E P E LU M R U E E O IB N E U U S Y D C F U I F C I F I N C L F E I O B O T P O O F J E C L S N Office of Justice Programs Office of National Drug Control Policy E F A D V A O M V F O T R I I T S I N A O N T NA O T C I S R L C A E J J U D G G T B C R U E O O E S O JJ DP X F PR E JUSTICE National Institute of Justice National Institute Office of National of Justice Drug Control Policy R e s e a r& c h R e p o r t Crack, Powder Cocaine, and Heroin: Drug Purchase and Use Patterns in Six U.S. Cities Executive Office of the President Office of National Drug Control Policy Washington, DC 20503 Barry R. McCaffrey Director U. S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General U.S. Department of Justice Raymond C. Fisher Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Department of Justice Response Center: 800–421–6770 Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site: World Wide Web Site: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Office of National Drug Control Policy World Wide Web Site: http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov Crack, Powder Cocaine, and Heroin: Drug Purchase and Use Patterns in Six U.S. Cities K. Jack Riley A report on research conducted under the joint auspices of the National Institute of Justice and the Office of National Drug Control Policy December 1997 Office of National Drug Control Policy Barry R. McCaffrey Director National Institute of Justice Jeremy Travis Director K. Jack Riley, Ph.D., is director of the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring program at the National Institute of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice or the Office of National Drug Control Policy. The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for the Victims of Crime. NCJ 167265 iii Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... vii Executive Summary.................................................................................................................... 1 Summary of User Findings Summary of Purchase Patterns Summary of Use Patterns Study Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 3 Profile of Users ............................................................................................................................ 6 Age Living Arrangements Sources of Income Arrest Charges Race and Drug Use Purchase Patterns ....................................................................................................................... 14 Buyer-Seller Relations Dealer Networks Location of Purchases Failed Transactions Purchase Frequency Guns and Drug Purchases Use Patterns................................................................................................................................. 21 Three-Day Use Daily Use Duration of Use Cessation of Use Conclusions and Implications .................................................................................................... 24 Drug User Profile Drug Purchase Patterns Drug Use Patterns Policy Implications Notes............................................................................................................................................. 26 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 29 v List of Tables Table 1. Attrition of Participants in Main DUF........................................................................ 4 Table 2. Eligibility for Participation in Procurement Study, by Drug, Gender, and Age Group............................................................................................................ 4 Table 3. Percentage of Eligible Arrestees Participating in Procurement Study, by Gender and Age Group............................................................................................................ 5 Table 4. Number of Individuals Participating in Procurement Study, by Interview Type ....... 5 Table 5. Participants in Procurement Study, by Gender and Age Group ................................. 6 Table 6. Participants in Procurement Study, by Race .............................................................. 6 Table 7. Mean Age of Participants in Procurement Study, by Drug ........................................ 7 Table 8. Living Arrangements Prior to Arrest, as Percentage of Total Participants, by Site and Drug ......................................................................................................... 8 Table 9. Main Sources of Income Prior to Arrest, by Site and Drug ....................................... 9 Table 10. Average Monthly Income in Manhattan, by Reported Primary Source of Income.... 10 Table 11. Arrest Charges of Study Participants.......................................................................... 11 Table 12. Drug Use by Race of Arrestees .................................................................................. 12 Table 13. Race of Arrestees by Category of Drug Use .............................................................. 13 Table 14. Percentage of Respondents Using a Main Source, by Drug ....................................... 14 Table 15. Percentage of Respondents Using a Main Source, by Race and Drug ....................... 14 Table 16. Contingency Table of Use of Main Source Among Crack Users, by Race................ 15 Table 17. Number of Dealers Known, by Drug Used ................................................................ 16 Table 18. Percentage of Respondents Typically Making Purchases Outdoors .......................... 17 Table 19. Percentage of Respondents Typically Making Purchases In Their Own Neighborhoods ..................................................................................... 17 Table 20. Percentage of Respondents with Failed Purchase Transactions in the Past Year ...... 18 Table 21. Reasons Cited for Failed Transactions ....................................................................... 19 Table 22. Percentage Reporting a Drug Purchase in the Week Prior to Arrest .......................... 20 Table 23. Mean Number of Purchases Made in the Week Prior to Arrest ................................. 20 Table 24. Drug Test Results by Completed Addendum Interview............................................. 21 Table 25. Drug Test Results for General DUF Population......................................................... 22 vi Table 26. Percentage Describing Themselves as Daily Users, by Drug Used ........................... 22 Table 27. Mean Number of Daily Uses Among Those Describing Themselves as Daily Users ............................................................................................................. 23 Table 28. Mean Number of Past Week Uses Among Those Describing Themselves as Not Daily Users ....................................................................................................... 23 Table 29. Percentage of Respondents Reporting 30 or More Consecutive Days of Use In the 90 Days Prior to Arrest..................................................................................... 23 Table 30. Percentage of Respondents Reporting 30 or More Consecutive Days Of Abstinence in the 90 Days Prior to Arrest............................................................. 24 Table 31. Motivations for Periods of Abstinence Among Manhattan Arrestees, by Drug ........ 24 vii Acknowledgments The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and thoughtful suggestions for the project and the Office of National Drug Control Policy helpful reviews of draft reports. In addi- (ONDCP) would like to acknowledge the tion, two anonymous reviewers provided contributions of individuals and organiza- valuable critiques of an early draft. Many tions whose efforts made this project pos- DUF site staff contributed to making this sible. ONDCP provided the resources to project happen by collecting the data, and fund the project. NIJ provided staff re- their cooperation is greatly appreciated: sources and access to the Drug Use Fore- James Swartz, Scott Slomka, and Norm casting (DUF) sites that participated in the Hamilton (Chicago); Bruce D. Johnson, project. Staff of BOTEC Analysis Corpora- Tom Miller, Phyllis Curry, Elliott Quino- tion—including Ann Marie Rocheleau, nes, and Diane Concepcion (Manhattan); Jennifer Jackson, and Andrew Lockwood Diane Wiscarson (Portland, Oregon); Ed Chalsma—were key to designing the inter- Baca and James Daniels (San Antonio); view instrument, conducting training, and Susan Pennell and Ami Caldwell (San Di- preparing the data. Similarly, Rosalee ego); and LaVon Williams (Washington, Copeland and Jeremy Yuan at Aspen Sys- D.C.). Special thanks go out to Bruce D. tems Corporation’s Applied Management Johnson, Susan Pennell, and Ami Caldwell Sciences Group provided data runs and for their work on developing