=oo = CD 'CM :^^^0 •CD CO Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by MR. & MRS. J.C. MOGRE I W o H O P I— W Radford's Cyclopedia of Construction Carpentry, Building and Architecture A General Refertiice Work on MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS AND THEIR PRACTICAL A? PLICATION TO ALL FORMS OF CONSTRUCTION IN WOOD, STONE. BRICK, STEEL, AND CONCRETE: INCLUDING ALSO SUCH ALLIED BRANCHES OF THE STRUCTURAL FIELD AS HEATING AND VENTILATING. PLUMBING. ELECTRIC WIRING, PAINTING. CONTRACTS, SPECI- FICATIONS. ESTIMATING. STRUCTURAL DRAFTING, ETC. Based on ih^ Practical Experience of a LARGE STAFF OF EXPERTS IN ACTUAL CONSTRUCTION WORK Jlbistrated TWELVE VOLUMES THE RADFORD ARCHITECTURAL COMPANY CHICAGO. ILL. Kb Copyright, 1909 BY THE KADFOKD AKCHITECTUKAL COMPANY Radford's Cyclopedia of Construction Prepared under the Supervision of WILLIAM A. RADFORD Editor-in-Cli ief President of the Radford Architectural Company, Chicago, 111 Editor-in-Chief of the "American Carpenter and Builder" and the "Cement World" ALFRED SIDNEY JOHNSON, A. M., Ph. D. Editor in Charge Author of "The Materials and Manufacture of Concrete," etc. Formerly Editor of "Current History." Associate Editor of Numerous Standard Works of Ktference Partial List of Authors and Collaborators JOHN P. BEOOKS, M. S. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering;, and Acting Head of Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois FEAXK O. DUFOUR, C. E. Assistant Professor of Stru'ctural Engineering, University of Illln- nols Author of "Bridge Engineering," "Roof Trusses," etc. DAVID P. MORETON, B. S. Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. Armour Institute of Technology ALFRED G. KING Consulting Engineer on Heating and Ventilating Author of 'Practical Steam and Hot-Water Heating and Ventila- tion." "Steam and Hot-Water Heating Charts," "Practical Heating Illustrated," etc. EEVIN KENISON, S. B. Assistant Professor of Mechanical Drawing and Descriptive Geometry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author of a Practical Textbook of Mechanical Drawing AUTHORS AND COLLABORATORS— (Continued) LOETNG H. PEOVINE, B. S. Instructor in Architectural Engineering, Department of Archi- tecture, University of Illinois THOMAS TAIT, C. E. Consulting Heating, Ventilating, and Sanitary Engineer Member American Society of Inspectors of Plumbing and Sanitary Engineers Member American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers RICHARD T. DANA Consulting Engineer Chief Engineer, Construction Service Company, New York, N. Y. Joint Author with Halbert P. Gillette of "Cost-Analysis Engi- neering" Member American Society of Civil Engineers Member American Institute of Mechanical Engineers WILLIAM A. EADFOED President, The Radford Architectural Company, Chicago, 111. Editor-in-Chief, "American Carpenter and Builder" and "Cement World" Author of "Practical Carpentry," "The Steel Square," etc. GEOEGE W. ASHBY Architect Vice-President, The Radford Architectural Company, Chicago, 111. CHAELES W. EADFOED Treasurer, The Radford Architectural Company, Chicago, 111. CHAELES D. WABNER Editor "Cement World" and "Dealers Record." BEENARD L. JOHNSON, B. S. Editor "American Carpenter and Builder" and "Woodworkers Re- view" Formerly Mechanical Engineer, Fitz-Hugh Luther Locomotive & Car Company, Chicago, 111. E. L. HATFIELD General Manager, Cement World Company, Chicago, 111. lEA S. GEIFFITH, A. B. Supervisor of Manual Training, Oak Park, 111. Member Editorial Board, Western Drawing and Manual Training Association Formerly Professor of Mathematics, Eureka College Author of "Essentials of Woodworking" AUTHORS AND COLLABORATORS— (Concluded) CHARLES EDWARD PAUL, S. B. Associate Professor of Mechanics, Armour Institute of Technology Member American Society of Mechanical Engineers Member American Society for Testing Materials EDWIN O. GREIFEXHAGEN, B. S., C. E. Office Engineer. Bridge and Building Department, Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway ALFRED W. WOODS Architect Inventor of "Wood's Key to the Steel Square" Joint Author of '"The Steel Square and Its Uses" WILLIAM REUTHER Expert on Modern Building Methods T. B. KIDXER Director of Manual Training and Household Science, Department of Education, Province of New Brunswick Fellow of the British Institute of Carpentry P. W. RATHBUN, B. S. Consulting Engineer Member American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers EDWARD HURST BROWN Editor "Painters' Magazine" CHARLES P. RAWSON Chief Draftsman, The Radford Architectural Company, Chicago, 111. I. P. HICKS Architect and Contractor Bibliography of Construction BEING A SELECTED LIST OF STANDARD WORKS COVERING VARIOUS POR- TIONS OF THE GENERAL FIELD OF CONSTRUCTION In addition to the vast store of up-to-date practical information never before published, the editors have embodied in the Cyclopedia of Construction the cream of the world 's best literature in this field, giving in condensed form the substance of everything essential in the experience of the past to enable the worker of the present to meet every problem likely to be met with under the conditions of ordinary practice. For the sake, however, of those who may be interested in pur- suing further study along various special lines, we furnish a list of important works that have appeared covering different portions of the field. In this connection, the editors wish to express their thanks to American manufacturers and dealers in the machinery and materials of construction, as well as to proprietors and patentees of various special mechanical devices and processes, for valuable data, illus- trations and suggestions. Authorities on Construction MANSFIELD MEEEIMAN, C. E., Ph. D. Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University Author of "Mechanics of Materials ;" "Retaining Walls and Ma- sonry Dams;" "Elements of Sanitary Engineering;" "A Textbook on Roofs and Bridges," etc. HALBEKT P. GILLETTE Late Chief Engineer, Washington State Railroad Commission Author of "Handbook of Cost Data for Contractors and Engineers" JOHN C. TEAUTWINE Author of "The Civil Engineer's Pocketbook" FEEDERICK W. TAYLOE, M, E., and SANFOED E. THOMPSON, S. B., C. E. Authors of "A Treatise on Concrete, Plain and Reinforced" FEEDEEICK E. TUENEAUEE, C. E., Dr. Eng. Dean of College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin Joint Author of "I'rinciples of Reinforced Concrete Construction ;" "Theory and Practice of Modern Framed Structures," etc. EDWAED GODFREY Structural Engineer for Robert W. Hunt & Co. Author of "Structural Engineering" (Book I —"Tables;" Book II — "Concrete." A, PEESCOTT FOLWELL Editor, "Municipal .Journal and Engineer" Author of "Sewerage ;" "Water-Supply Engineering," etc. AUTHORITIES ON CONSTRUCTION IKA 0. BAKER, C. E. Professor of Civil EngineerinK. University of Illinois Author of "A Treatise on Masonry Construction ;" "Roads and Pavements," etc. EKANK E. KIDDER, C. E., Ph. D. Author of "Architect's and Builder's Pocketbook ;" "Building Con- struction and Superintendence," etc. CHARLES EVAN FOWLER, C. E. President. Pacific Northwestern Society of Engineers Author of "Ordinary Foundations" FRED T. HODGSON, ARCHITECT Author of "Modern Carpentry ;" "Builder and Contractor's Guide, etc. HENRY R. TOWNE Author of "Locks and Builders' Hardware" HENRY N. OGDEN, C. E. Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering. Cornell University Author of "Sewer Construction" CHARLES E. GREENE, A. M., C. E. Late Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan Author of "Trusses and Arches," "Structural Mechanics," etc. WILLIAM H. BIRKMIRE, C. E. ;" Author of "Planning and Construction of High Office Buildings "Architectural Iron and Steel, and Its Application in the " Construction of Buildings ; "Compound Riveted Girders ;" "Skeleton Construction in Buildings," etc. FRANK W. SKINNER Lecturer on Field Engineering. Cornell L'niversity Author of "Types and Details of Bridge Construction" JAMES J. LAWLER Author of "Modern Plumbing, Steam and Hot-Water Heating" WILLIAM H. BURR, C. E. Professor of Civil Engineering, Columbia University. New York Author of "Elasticity and Resistance of the Materials of Engineer- ing;" .loint Author of •"The Design and Construction of Metallic Bridges" HOMER A. REID Assistant Engineer. Bureau of Buildings. New York City Author of "Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Construction" J. B. JOHNSON, C. E. Author of "Materials of Construction ;" "Engineering Contracts and Specifications :" .loint .\uthor of "Theory and Practice in the Designing of Modern Framed Structures" AUTHORITIES ON CONSTRUCTION W. E. WAEE Formerly Professor of Architecture, Columbia University, New York Author of "Shades and Shadows ;" "Modern Perspective," etc. JOHN CASSAN WAIT, M. C. E., LL. B. Formerly Assistant Professor of Engineering, Harvard University Author of "Engineering and Architectural Jurisprudence ;" "The Law of Contracts," etc. T. M. CLAKK Author of "Building Superintendence ;" "Architect, Builder, and Owner before the Law," etc. CLAEENCE A. MAETIN Director of College of Architecture. Cornell University Author of "Details of Building Construction" CHAELES H. SNOW Dean of School of Applied Science, New York University Author of "The Principal Species of Wood, Their Characteristic I'roperties" GAETANO LANZA, S. B., C. E. Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author of "Applied Mechanics" A. W. BUEL AND C. S. HILL Authors of "Reinforced Concrete" NEWTON HAEEISON, E. E. Author of "Electric Wiring, Diagrams and Switchboards" EVEEETT U. CEOSBY and HENEY A. FISKE Authors of "Handbook of Fire