STATE OF MICHIGAN Overburden ................................................................12 DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Markets and Transportation .......................................12 Recovering or Producing Sand .............................12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION Stripping of Overburden .............................................12 Publication 41. Geological Series 35. Excavation .................................................................13 Transportation............................................................13 MOLDING SANDS OF MICHIGAN Treating......................................................................13 AND Mixing.....................................................................13 THEIR USES Washing .................................................................14 Screening ...............................................................14 BY Stationary Screens .............................................14 GEORGE GRANGER BROWN, Ph. D. Revolving Screens .............................................14 Electric Vibrating Screens ..................................14 PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF Drying.....................................................................14 R. A. SMITH, State Geologist Shipping .....................................................................15 IN COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF Chapter III. Chemical Properties .................................15 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Minerals in Sand ..........................................................15 PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Quartz....................................................................15 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION FOR 1936. Feldspar.................................................................15 Mica .......................................................................15 PART I. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL Muscovite...................................................................15 PROPERTIES OF, AND CAUSE OF BOND IN Amphiboles............................................................16 SANDS Pyroxene................................................................16 Iron.........................................................................16 Magnetite ...................................................................16 Ilmenite ......................................................................16 Contents Hematite.....................................................................16 Limonite .....................................................................16 Letter of Transmittal ....................................................... 4 Siderite.......................................................................16 Pyrite,.........................................................................16 Preface ............................................................................. 5 Calcite....................................................................16 Chapter I. Origin of Sand............................................... 6 Calcium Carbonate of Limestone...............................16 Dolomite.....................................................................16 Definition........................................................................ 6 Magnesite ..................................................................17 General ....................................................................6 Gypsum......................................................................17 Foundry Sands .............................................................6 Clay........................................................................17 Molding Sands..........................................................6 Kaolinite .....................................................................17 Core Sands ..............................................................6 Halloysite ...................................................................17 Origin ............................................................................. 6 Significance of Color..............................................17 Disruption or Disintegration .....................................6 Chemical Composition of Sand .............................17 Glacial Decomposition..................................................6 Silica ..........................................................................18 Transportation..........................................................7 Alumina ......................................................................18 Glacial ..........................................................................7 Lime ...........................................................................18 Streams........................................................................7 Alkalies.......................................................................18 The Wind......................................................................7 Sulphur.......................................................................18 Deposition ................................................................7 Water .........................................................................18 Glacial Deposits ...........................................................7 Analysis of Sand....................................................18 Stream Deposits...........................................................7 Rational Analysis........................................................18 Deposits in Glacial Outwash.....................................8 Colloidal Material........................................................19 Deposits along abandoned Drainage Lines..............8 Determination.........................................................19 Deposits along Present Lines of Drainage ...............8 Chapter IV. Physical Properties of Sand ....................19 Lacustrine or Lake Deposits .........................................8 Glacial Lakes............................................................8 Texture or Fineness .....................................................19 Present Lakes...........................................................9 Methods of Determining ........................................ 20 Eolian Deposits ............................................................9 Sense of touch ...........................................................20 Consolidated Deposits .................................................9 Screen Analysis .........................................................20 Sylvania Sandstone..................................................9 Rittinger Series.......................................................20 Secondary Changes in Sand Deposits....................9 Mesh ......................................................................20 Summary ..................................................................... 11 A.S.T.M. Method ....................................................21 A.F.A. Fineness......................................................21 Chapter II. Prospecting and Excavating Sand .......... 11 Procedure—no bond ..........................................21 Exploration of Deposits................................................ 11 Procedure—bonded ...........................................21 Mapping .................................................................12 Interpretation of Screen Analyses ..............................22 Cumulative .........................................................22 Economic Factors ..................................................12 Fractional............................................................22 Drainage.....................................................................12 Publication 41, Geological Series 35 / Part I – Page 1 of 71 Probability of Plot................................................23 Results ...................................................................42 Fineness Index.......................................................24 Synthesis of Bonded Sand from Unbonded ...............42 A. F. A. Grain Fineness ..............................................24 Silica.......................................................................43 Method of Determining ...........................................24 Kaolin .....................................................................43 Grain Fineness Classification .................................24 Iron Hydrosol..........................................................43 Rittinger Fineness Index.............................................25 Adsorption of Iron Hydrosol....................................43 Simple Series .........................................................25 Synthetic bonded Materials ................................43 Extended Series .....................................................25 Synthetic Bond No. 1......................................44 Relation Between Rittinger Indexes and Albany Bond No. 2..................................................44 Numbers.....................................................................25 Base Material No. 1 ....................................44 Size Distribution.....................................................26 Base Material No. 2 ....................................44 Methods......................................................................26 Synthetic Molding Sands....................................44 A.F.A. Grain Size Distribution.................................26