PRESTO – Preservation Technologies for European Broadcast Archives IST-1999-20013 D5.4 – High Quality Compression for Film and Video DOCUMENT IDENTIFIER PRESTO-T54-JRS-20020918 High Quality Compression for Film and Video DATE September 18th, 2002 ABSTRACT This document contains an theoretical as well as practical survey about high quality compression techniques for film and video. AUTHOR, COMPANY P. Schallauer, M. Donoser, G. Kienast, H. Rehatschek (JRS) INTERNAL REVIEWER WORKPACKAGE / TASK T5.4 High Quality Compression DOCUMENT HISTORY Release Date Reason of change Status Distribution 0.1 2002/03/14 Document created Draft Confidential 1.1 2002/04/01 First Content – Compression Draft Confidential 2.1 2002/04/23 Video Codecs – Properties Table Draft Confidential 2.3 2002/05/20 Reviewed Video quality chapter Draft Confidential 3.1 2002/05/26 Pre-Release Version (Theory) Draft Confidential 4.0 2002/06/24 Release Version (Theory) Draft Confidential 5.0 2002/09/18 Practical results included Final Public D5.4 HIGH QUALITY COMPRESSION FOR FILM AND VIDEO PRESTO - IST-1999-20013 09/2002 Table of Contents 1. Scope / Overview.............................................................................................................1 1.1. Scope.............................................................................................................................1 1.2. Overview ........................................................................................................................1 2. Introduction......................................................................................................................3 2.1. What is video compression, and why is it important?....................................................3 2.2. Human Visual System (HVS).........................................................................................6 2.2.1. Physiology of Vision [Nadenau, 2001]....................................................................7 2.2.2. HVS-Model for Imaging Application........................................................................8 2.2.3. Impact of HVS on Image Compression ..................................................................9 2.2.4. Human Visual System – Compression Summary ................................................10 3. Compression Approaches............................................................................................12 3.1. Entropy Coding ............................................................................................................12 3.1.1. Run Length Coding...............................................................................................12 3.1.2. Huffman Coding....................................................................................................12 3.1.3. Arithmetic Coding .................................................................................................13 3.1.4. Lempel/Ziv Coding................................................................................................14 3.1.5. Area Coding..........................................................................................................15 3.2. Intraframe Coding ........................................................................................................15 3.2.1. Predictive Coding..................................................................................................16 3.2.2. Transform Coding.................................................................................................16 3.2.3. Vector Quantization ..............................................................................................19 3.2.4. Subband and Wavelet Coding..............................................................................20 3.2.5. Segmentation and Approximation Coding............................................................21 3.2.6. Fractal Coding ......................................................................................................21 3.2.7. Contour Based Coding .........................................................................................22 3.2.8. Quadtree Compression ........................................................................................22 3.3. Interframe Coding ........................................................................................................23 3.3.1. Frame Differencing ...............................................................................................23 3.3.2. Motion + Motion Compensation............................................................................23 3.3.3. Hybrid Coding .......................................................................................................25 4. Codecs and Formats.....................................................................................................26 4.1. Intraframe Formats ......................................................................................................26 4.1.1. JPEG.....................................................................................................................26 4.1.2. JPEG 2000 ...........................................................................................................27 4.1.3. Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) ........................................................................29 4.1.4. Digital Moving Picture Exchange (DPX)...............................................................31 4.1.5. SGI – RGB............................................................................................................31 4.1.6. PNG – Portable Network Graphics.......................................................................32 4.1.7. DV.........................................................................................................................32 4.1.8. Huffyuv..................................................................................................................33 4.2. Interframe Formats ......................................................................................................34 PRESTO Consortium i D5.4 HIGH QUALITY COMPRESSION FOR FILM AND VIDEO PRESTO - IST-1999-20013 09/2002 4.2.1. Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) .................................................................34 4.3. Containers....................................................................................................................39 4.3.1. AVI ........................................................................................................................39 4.3.2. Quicktime..............................................................................................................39 4.3.3. MXF ......................................................................................................................40 4.4. Format Properties Overview ........................................................................................42 5. Standard for Objective Video Quality Measurement .................................................43 5.1. The ANSI Standard for video quality research - ANSI T1.801.03-1996 paper............44 5.1.1. ANSI's Gradient Model of Video Quality...............................................................44 5.1.2. Scalar Features for Video Quality Metrics............................................................45 5.1.3. Feature Comparison.............................................................................................48 5.1.4. ANSI's Video Quality Parameters.........................................................................50 5.1.5. Parameter / Impairment Relationship...................................................................60 6. Quality Measurement ....................................................................................................61 6.1. Measured Parameters .................................................................................................62 6.1.1. PSNR....................................................................................................................62 6.1.2. Negsob and Possob .............................................................................................62 6.2. Measurement Results..................................................................................................64 6.2.1. Lossless Compression on 2k Material..................................................................64 6.2.2. Lossy compression on SDTV material .................................................................67 7. Results and Conclusions..............................................................................................70 7.1. Standards / Formats Overview ....................................................................................70 7.2. Measurements .............................................................................................................71 8. Outlook ...........................................................................................................................73 9. References .....................................................................................................................74 10. Glossary .........................................................................................................................76 PRESTO Consortium ii D5.4 HIGH QUALITY COMPRESSION FOR FILM AND VIDEO PRESTO - IST-1999-20013 09/2002 1. Scope / Overview 1.1. Scope The main purpose of this Deliverable is to evaluate the current possibilities