بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم AlMughtaribeen University College of Engineering Biomedical Engineering Department Design of Film Rotary Evaporator A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the B.Sc. (Honors) Degree in Biomedical Engineering By: Arafa Moatasim Abass Ahmed & Alyaa Obeid Osman Obeid Supervisor: Dr. Zeinab Adam Mustafa January 2017 Dedication: We dedicate our dissertation work to our families, teachers, college and our friends. A special feeling of gratitude to our loving parents, for their words of encouragement. Our teachers, have never left our side and are very special. We will always appreciate all they have done, for helping us to develop our knowledge, skills and to start our career life. Our families Our teachers Our friends Our College Our Fathers Our Mothers Acknowledgment: The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of our project. All that we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. We respect, owe my deep gratitude to our project supervisor, Dr. Zinab Adam, the head of Biomedical Engineering department for providing us an opportunity to do this project and giving us all support and guidance which made us complete the project successfully. We are extremely thankful to her for providing such a nice support and guidance, although she had busy schedule managing the head department duties. We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of Biomedical Engineering Department which helped us in successfully completing our project work. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ................................................................................................... 1.4 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................1.10 1.1 GENERAL IDEA: ..............................................................................................1.12 1.2 ENERGETIC ....................................................................................................1.12 1.3 HOW AN EVAPORATOR WORKS ...........................................................................1.13 1.4 TYPES OF EVAPORATORS USED TODAY ..................................................................1.13 1.4.1 NATURAL FORCED CIRCULATION EVAPORATOR ..................................................1.13 1.4.2 FALLING FILM EVAPORATOR .........................................................................1.14 1.4.3 PLATE EVAPORATOR ...................................................................................1.14 1.5 MAIN ARTICLE: MULTIPLE-EFFECT EVAPORATOR .....................................................1.15 1.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT ......................................................................................1.16 1.7 OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................1.16 2. Literature Review.......................................................................................2.18 2.1 HOW EVAPORATOR WORKS ...............................................................................2.19 2.2 MOTOR CONTROLLER.......................................................................................2.19 2.3 APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................2.19 2.3.1 TYPES OF MOTOR CONTROLLERS ...................................................................2.20 2.3.2 MOTOR STARTERS .....................................................................................2.20 2.3.3 REDUCED VOLTAGE STARTERS .......................................................................2.21 2.3.4 MAIN ARTICLE: ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVE .......................................................2.21 2.3.5 INTELLIGENT CONTROLLERS ..........................................................................2.21 2.3.6 OVERLOAD RELAYS ....................................................................................2.22 2.3.7 LOSS OF VOLTAGE PROTECTION .....................................................................2.22 2.3.8 SERVO CONTROLLERS .................................................................................2.23 2.3.9 STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLERS ....................................................................2.24 3. Theoretical Background .............................................................................3.26 3.1 DISTILLATION .................................................................................................3.26 3.1.1 SIMPLE DISTILLATIONS ................................................................................3.27 3.1.2 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ...........................................................................3.27 3.2 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA ................................................................................3.28 3.2.1 TYPES OF BINARY VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM ..................................................3.28 3.3 HISTORY .......................................................................................................3.28 3.4 APPLICATIONS OF DISTILLATION ..........................................................................3.30 3.5 GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS .................................................................................3.31 3.6 LABORATORY SCALE DISTILLATION .......................................................................3.31 3.7 STEAM DISTILLATION .......................................................................................3.31 3.8 PERKIN TRIANGLE DISTILLATION SETUP ..................................................................3.32 3.9 VACUUM DISTILLATION.....................................................................................3.33 4. Materials and Methodology .......................................................................4.35 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM.............................................................................................4.35 4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ...........................................................................................4.36 4.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ...........................................................................................4.37 4.4 SOFTWARE OF CONTROL SYSTEM ........................................................................4.38 4.5 BILL OF QUANTITIES .........................................................................................4.42 5. Discussions and Results .............................................................................5.44 5.1 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................5.44 5.2 RESULTS .......................................................................................................5.45 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................6.47 6.1 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................6.47 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................6.47 8. References .................................................................................................8.48 9. Appendix ...................................................................................................9.50 List of Figures Figure ‎3-1 Distillate ......................................................................................................... 3.26 Figure ‎3-2 Evaporation in the past ..................................................................................... 3.28 Figure ‎3-3 Evaporation in the past ..................................................................................... 3.29 Figure ‎3-4 Distillation ...................................................................................................... 3.29 Figure ‎3-5 Old Ukrainian vodka still ................................................................................... 3.29 Figure ‎3-6 Dimethyl sulfoxide ........................................................................................... 3.32 Figure ‎3-7 Perkin triangle distillation setup ......................................................................... 3.32 Figure ‎4-1 Block Diagram ................................................................................................. 4.35 Figure ‎4-2 power supply .................................................................................................. 4.36 Figure ‎4-3 control system ................................................................................................. 4.37 Figure ‎5-1 the control system under the test ....................................................................... 5.44 Figure ‎5-2 the system in operating state ............................................................................. 5.45 Figure ‎5-3 the system after finishing the setting time ........................................................... 5.45 Figure ‎8-1 ATmega16 ...................................................................................................... 9.50 Figure ‎8-2 Pin Diagram .................................................................................................... 9.51 Figure ‎8-3 Electric motor .................................................................................................