Unit 2 STUDY GUIDE! Practice Quizzes Are on Mr. Robinson's web page! http://www.longbranch.k12.nj.us//Domain/693! ! !Musicianship! melody - a single line of notes or pitches with some rhythm, one note at a time usually in the !foreground! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! harmony - multiple lines of notes or pitches with some rhythm, several notes at a time !usually played in "blocks" or "chunks"! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "1 ! ! accompaniment - parts of song such as the harmony, bass line or percussion instruments !usually in the background! ! ! !!!!!!!! - melody! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! - accompaniment - harmony! ! !!!!!!!! - accompaniment - bass line! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! - accompaniment - percussion! ! ! ! ! ! !song form - the structure or shape of a song broken into sections such as AB or ABA! ! ! ! ! A B A ! ! ! melody A! melody B melody A ! ! ! accompaniment! accompaniment accompaniment ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "2 ! ! treble clef - a music notation symbol for middle-to-high range pitches! !bass clef - a music notation symbol for low-to-middle range pitches! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! F A C E ! E G B D F ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! G B D F A A C E G ! ! ! grand staff - the treble clef staff and bass clef staff joined together by a brace commonly !used for the keyboard! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "3 ! !ledger lines - short lines above or below the staff for pitched notes! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! measures - a segment of music divided between bar lines on the staff! bar lines - lines on the staff that divide measures on the staff! ! ! bar line bar line!! ! ! ! ! <---------measure ---------->|<----------measure----------->|<------------measure--------->! ! ! GarageBand! _____________________________________________________________________! !Track Volume Control (example of volume going from soft to loud for bass track)! ! ! ! ! ! _____________________________________________________________________! !Master Tempo Control (example of tempo going faster for whole song - all tracks)! ! ! ! ! ! ______________________________________________________________________! !Master Volume Control (example of volume fading out whole song - all tracks)! ! ! "4 ! !History & Genres in Magic GarageBand! Reggae (info provided by www.wikipedia.org)! “Reggae is a music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s. While sometimes used in a broad sense to refer to most types of popular Jamaican dance music, the term reggae more properly denotes a particular music style that evolved out of the earlier genres ska and !rocksteady.”! - Musical Characteristics -! “Stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues (R&B), !jazz, mento, calypso, African, and Latin American music, as well as other genres.”! “Reggae is played in 4/4 time because the symmetrical rhythmic pattern does not lend itself to other time signatures such as 3/4 time. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms; staccato chords played by a guitar or piano (or both) on the offbeats of the measure, !often referred to as the skank.”! “This rhythmic pattern accents the second and fourth beats in each bar and combines with the drum's emphasis on beat three to create a unique sense of phrasing. The reggae offbeat can be counted so that it falls between each count as an "and" (example: 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and etc.) or counted as a half-time feel at twice the tempo so it falls on beats 2 and 4. This is in contrast !to the way most other popular genres focus on beat one, the “downbeat"."! “The tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska and rocksteady. It is this slower tempo, the guitar/piano offbeats, the emphasis on the third beat, and the use of syncopated, melodic bass lines that differentiate reggae from other music, although other musical styles have incorporated !some of these innovations.”! “Harmonically the music is essentially the same as any other modern popular genre with a !tendency to make use of simple chord progressions.”! - Popular Artists of Reggae -! Bob Marley! Third World! ! Steel Pulse! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "5 Latin American (info provided by www.wikipedia.org)! “Latin American music encompasses rhythms and styles originated or related to Latin America and its influence in the United States and several European countries such as Spain or Portugal. Some critics have defined Latin music as an incorporation of four elements: music style, geography, cultural background of the artist and language.The first of those encapsulates all music styles generated from Latin countries, such as salsa, merengue, tango, compas, bossa nova and bachata; as well as other styles derived from a more mainstream genre, such !as Latin pop, rock, jazz and reggaeton.”! ! Salsa! “Based on Cuban music (especially Cuban son and son montuno) in rhythm, tempo, bass line, riffs and instrumentation, Salsa represents an amalgamation of musical styles including rock, jazz, and other Latin American (and Puerto Rican) musical traditions. Modern salsa (as it became known worldwide) was forged in the pan-Latin melting pot of New York City in the late !1960s and early 1970s.”! Tejano! “Tejano music may be categorized as a blend of country music, rock, and R&B born in Texas !and performed in both Spanish and English with a variety of cultural influences.! Most Tejanos today reside in South Texas and have a form of folk and popular music, greatly influenced by (yet quite distinctive from) both traditional genres of Mexican music and mainstream genres of American music. Texan star Selena is credited with bringing Tejano music !to the forefront of popular music. The tejano is a form of hiphop dance.”! Reggaetón! “Reggaeton has become a Latin American phenomenon and is no longer classifiable as a Panamanian (or even a Puerto Rican) genre. It blends the Jamaican musical influences of reggae and dancehall and Trinidadian soca with Latin American music (such as the Puerto Rican bomba and plena) and American hip hop and rap. The music is also combined with !rapping, generally in Spanish.”! Latin! “The Latin (or romantic) ballad is a Latin musical genre which originated in the 1960s. This ballad is very popular in Latin America and Spain, and is characterized by a sensitive rhythm. A descendant of the bolero, it has several variants (such as salsa and cumbia). Since the mid-20th century a number of artists have popularized the genre, such as Julio Iglesias, Luis !Miguel, Enrique Iglesias and Cristian Castro.”! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "6 Country & Western (info provided by www.wikipedia.org)! “Country music is a genre of American popular music that originated in the rural regions of the Southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the southeastern genre of American folk music and Western music. Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms and harmonies accompanied by mostly string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, fiddles, and harmonicas.”! ! ! “Singing cowboys and Western swing"! “During the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Some of the popular singing cowboys from the era were Gene Autry, the Sons of the Pioneers, and Roy Rogers. Country music and western music were frequently played together on the same radio stations, hence the term !country and western music.”! “Honky Tonk"! “Another type of stripped down and raw music with a variety of moods and a basic ensemble of guitar, bass, dobro or steel guitar (and later) drums… It became known as honky tonk and had its roots in Western swing and the ranchera music of Mexico and the border states, particularly !Texas, together with the blues of the American South.”! “…Hank Williams, would later be called "traditional" country. Williams' influence in particular would prove to be enormous, inspiring many of the pioneers of rock and roll, such as Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis, as well as Chuck Berry and Ike Turner, while providing a !framework for emerging honky tonk talents like George Jones.”! “Rockabilly"! “Rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Rockabilly was a mixture of rock-and-roll and hillbilly music. During this period Elvis Presley converted over to country music. He played a huge role in the music industry during this time. The number two, three and four songs on Billboard's charts for that year were Elvis Presley, "Heartbreak Hotel"; Johnny Cash, "I Walk the Line"; and Carl Perkins, "Blue Suede Shoes".”! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "7 “Country Rock"! “The late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres. In the aftermath of the British Invasion, many desired a return to the "old values" of rock n' roll. At the same time there was a lack of enthusiasm in the country sector for !Nashville-produced music. What resulted was a crossbred genre known as country rock.”! “Described by Allmusic as the "father of country-rock",Gram Parsons' work in the early 1970s was acclaimed for its purity and for his appreciation for aspects of traditional country music…. his legacy was carried on by his protégé and duet partner Emmylou Harris; Harris would !release her debut solo in 1975, an amalgamation of country, rock and roll, folk, blues and pop.”! “Subsequent to the initial blending of the two polar opposite genres, other offspring