Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon Noorlander (eds) Khan and of Neo-Aramaic Studies in the Grammar and Geoffrey Khan and Paul M. Noorlander (eds) Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic EDITED BY GEOFFREY KHAN AND PAUL M. NOORLANDER The Neo-Aramaic dialects are modern vernacular forms of Aramaic, which has a documented history in the Middle East of over 3,000 years. Due to upheavals in the Middle East over the last one hundred years, thousands of speakers of Neo-Aramaic dialects have been forced to migrate from their homes or have perished in massacres. As a result, the dialects are now highly endangered. The dialects exhibit a remarkable diversity of structures. Moreover, the considerable depth of attestation of Aramaic from earlier periods provides evidence for the pathways of change. For these reasons the research of Neo-Aramaic is of importance for more general fields of linguistics, in particular language typology and historical linguistics. The papers in this volume represent the full range of Studies of Neo-Aramaic research that is currently being carried out on Neo-Aramaic dialects. They advance the field in numerous ways. In order to allow linguists who are not specialists in Neo-Aramaic to benefit from the papers, the examples are fully glossed. As with all Open Book publications, this entire book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital editions, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found here: www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: Women in the village of Harbole, south-eastern Turkey (photograph taken by Brunot Poizat in 1978 before the village’s destruction). Cover design: Anna Gatti book 5 ebooke and OA editions also available OBP STUDIES IN THE GRAMMAR AND LEXICON OF NEO-ARAMAIC Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic Edited by Geoffrey Khan and Paul M. Noorlander https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2021 Geoffrey Khan and Paul M. Noorlander. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapters’ authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Geoffrey Khan and Paul M. Noorlander (eds.), Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo- Aramaic. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2021, https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0209 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit, https:// doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0209#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at, https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ All external links were active at the time of publication unless otherwise stated and have been archived via the Internet Archive Wayback Machine at https://archive.org/web Updated digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0209#resources Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omission or error will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-947-8 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-948-5 Semitic Languages and Cultures 5. ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-949-2 ISSN (print): 2632-6906 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-950-8 ISSN (digital): 2632-6914 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-951-5 ISBN Digital (XML): 978-1-78374-952-2 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0209 Cover image: Women in the village of Harbole, south-eastern Turkey (photograph taken by Brunot Poizat in 1978 before the village’s destruction). Cover design: Anna Gatti CONTENTS GLOSSING ABBREVIATIONS ��������������������������������������������� ix CONTRIBUTORS ���������������������������������������������������������������� xi PREFACE ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� xvii ABSTRACTS ����������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi Eugene Barsky and Sergey Loesov A History of the Intransitive Preterite of Ṭuroyo: from a Property Adjective to a Finite Tense ����������������� 1 Paul M. Noorlander Towards a Typology of Possessors and Experiencers in Neo-Aramaic: Non-Canonical Subjects as Relics of a Former Dative Case ������������������������������������������������������ 29 Dorota Molin The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Dohok: Two Folktales and Selected Features of Verbal Semantics ��� 95 Geoffrey Khan Verbal Forms Expressing Discourse Dependency in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic ������������������������������������������ 143 Eran Cohen Conditional Patterns in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho ����������������������������������������������������������� 195 vi Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic Michael Waltisberg Language Contact and Ṭuroyo: The Case of the Circumstantial Clause ��������������������������������������������������� 221 Ivri Bunis The Morphosyntactic Conservatism of Western Neo- Aramaic despite Contact with Syrian Arabic ���������������� 235 Steven E. Fassberg On the Afel Stem in Western Neo-Aramaic ������������������� 287 Ariel Gutman The Re-Emergence of the Genitive in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic ����������������������������������������������������������������� 301 Lidia Napiorkowska Modelling Variation in the Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Azran with Articulatory Phonology ������������������������������ 319 Aziz Tezel On the Origin of Some Plant Names in Ṣūrayt/ Ṭūrōyo in Ṭūr ʿAbdīn ���������������������������������������������������� 335 Eugene Barsky and Yulia Furman Remarks on Selected Exponents of the 208-Swadesh List in Ṭuroyo ��������������������������������������������������������������� 353 Hezy Mutzafi Neo-Aramaic Animal Names ����������������������������������������� 389 Alexey Lyavdansky A Corpus-Based Swadesh Word List for Literary Christian Urmi (New Alphabet Texts) �������������������������� 415 Contents vii Aziz Emmanuel Eliya Al-Zebari (in collaboration with Anjuman M. Sabir) Lexical Items Relating to Material Culture in the NENA Dialects of the Aqra Region ������������������������������� 443 Salam Neamah Hirmiz Hakeem Arabic Loanwords in the Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Ankawa ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 469 Sina Tezel Language Loss in the Ṣūrayt/Ṭūrōyo-speaking Communities of the Diaspora in Sweden ���������������������� 487 INDEX 505 GLOSSING ABBREVIATIONS a Arabic dist distal demonstrative acc accusative dm discourse marker act active dom differential object alv alveolar marking alvpal alveopalatal erg ergative aor aorist exist existential art article ez ezafe artp Articulatory f feminine Phonology foc focus attr attribute fpl feminine plural caus causative fs feminine singular clf classifier fut future clo closure gen genitive comp complementiser glo glottis conj conjunction gn geographic name conn connective h Hebrew cop copula hab habitual crit critical imp imperative cst construct state impf imperfect (head of attributive ind indicative annexation) indef indefinite dat dative indet indetermined state def definite (article) ipfv imperfective deix.cop deictic copula irr irrealis dem demonstrative k Kurdish dep dependent (marker of dependent clause or lab labial noun phrase) lnk linker det determined state m masculine x Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic medp mediopassive qam qam pre-verbal prefix mod modal qātl Arabic qātel paradigm mpl masculine plural (historical active participle) ms masculine singular qattīl qaṭṭīl adjective n neuter qōtl Western Neo-Aramaic neg negative qōṭel paradigm nmls nominalisation (historical active participle) nom nominative qtīl qṭīl adjective and npl neuter plural resultative participle npsfx nominal suffix qtl qatal and qṭal suffix npst non-past conjugations in ns neuter singular Arabic and Western Neo-Aramaic pal palatal respectively pass passive refl reflexive pc prefix conjugation rel relative pers personal res resultative pfv perfective s singular phar pharyngeal sbjv subjunctive pl plural sc suffixing conjugation pn personal name tb tongue body pn proper noun tt tongue tip poss possessive uvu-phar uvular-pharyngeal pret preterite vel velum prog progressive voc vocative pron pronoun yqtl yiqtol prefix prs present conjugation in pst past Arabic and Western Neo-Aramaic ptcp participle pvb preverbal modifier TOWARDS A TYPOLOGY OF POSSESSORS AND EXPERIENCERS IN NEO-ARAMAIC: NON-CANONICAL SUBJECTS AS RELICS OF A FORMER DATIVE CASE Paul M. Noorlander Introduction1 Predicative possessors and impersonal experiencer constructions are encoded by the dative preposition l- across Semitic languages, in addition to Aramaic, Hebrew (e.g. Berman 1982) and Syrian Arabic (e.g. Cowell 1964; Al-Zahre and Boneh 2010, 250). Like most non-European languages, Semitic languages do not have a designated possession verb. Predicative possessors equivalent to English have are based on locational expressions of prepositional possessor (Stassen 2009), as illustrated for Hebrew in (1a-b) below. (1) Israeli Hebrew predicative possessor a� yeš le-Dan sefer there�is to-Dan book.ms ‘Dan has a book.’ 1 Preparation of this article was made possible by funding from the Dutch Research Council (NWO). © Paul M. Noorlander, CC BY 4�0 https://doi.org/10.11647/OBP�0209�02 30 Studies in the Grammar and Lexicon of Neo-Aramaic b. yeš l-i sefer there�is to-me book ‘I have a