Report No. 36622 - GLB Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Aquaculture: Changing the Face of the Waters Meeting the Promise and Challenge of Sustainable Aquaculture In Press: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTARD/Resourc Public Disclosure Authorized es/Aquaculture_ESW_vGDP.pdf Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized © 2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone 202-473-1000 Internet www.worldbank.org/rural E-mail [email protected] All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the executive directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... 1 A Surging Global Industry .......................................................................................................... 1 Challenges and Approaches ........................................................................................................ 3 Good Governance and the Creation of an Enabling Environment .......................................... 3 Aquaculture, the Environment, and Human Health ................................................................ 4 Pro-Poor Aquaculture.............................................................................................................. 5 Knowledge Generation and Dissemination ............................................................................. 7 The Challenge of Aquaculture in Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................ 8 International Partnerships and Finance.................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION AND APPROACH .................................................................................................... 10 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL AQUACULTURE TRENDS ........................................................................... 12 Emergence of a Global Industry................................................................................................ 12 Production, Markets, and Trade ................................................................................................ 13 Production ............................................................................................................................. 13 Supply and Consumption ...................................................................................................... 15 Trade...................................................................................................................................... 15 Future Supply and Demand Projections .................................................................................... 15 The Role of External Assistance and the International Financial Institutions........................... 16 AQUACULTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND HEALTH ............................................................................. 19 The Impact of Aquaculture on the Environment ....................................................................... 19 Physical Alteration of Land and Habitats.............................................................................. 19 Reduction of Water Pollution................................................................................................ 20 Restocking and Introductions of Fish.................................................................................... 21 Dependence on Wild Seed..................................................................................................... 23 The Impact of Aquaculture on Human Health .......................................................................... 23 Pathogens and the Spread of Disease Vectors....................................................................... 23 Chemicals and Toxins ........................................................................................................... 24 Antibiotics and Drug Resistance ........................................................................................... 26 Food Safety, Product Quality, and Certification ................................................................... 27 Environmental Services from Aquaculture ............................................................................... 28 Waste Treatment and Recycling............................................................................................ 28 Disease Control and Other Environmental Services ............................................................. 29 Toward environmentally friendly aquaculture ...................................................................... 29 INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGIES................................................................................................. 31 Feeds, Seeds, and Disease ......................................................................................................... 31 Fish Nutrition and Feed Supplies .......................................................................................... 31 Supplying Improved Seeds.................................................................................................... 33 Disease Management............................................................................................................. 35 Competing for Freshwater..................................................................................................... 37 Technology Transfer and Capacity Building............................................................................. 37 Drivers of Technology Transfer and Capacity Building ....................................................... 38 Lessons Learned .................................................................................................................... 40 Possible Lessons for Africa and Latin America .................................................................... 41 BUILDING PRO-POOR AQUACULTURE............................................................................................ 43 Impacts of Aquaculture on Poverty and Livelihoods ................................................................ 43 iii Lessons from Asia ..................................................................................................................... 44 Creating and Distributing Wealth through Aquaculture............................................................ 47 Policies and Awareness ......................................................................................................... 48 Coordination and Sustained Public Support.......................................................................... 49 Equitable Trade and Poverty Alleviation .............................................................................. 49 CATALYZING AQUACULTURE IN LESS- DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ................................................. 51 The status of Aquaculture in Africa .......................................................................................... 52 Diagnosis for Sub-Saharan Africa............................................................................................. 52 Unlocking the Potential ............................................................................................................. 53 Enabling Conditions.............................................................................................................. 54 Keys to Sustainable Aquaculture........................................................................................... 56 The Business Models.............................................................................................................57 Catalyzing Sustainable Aquaculture in Latin America ............................................................. 58 The Status of Aquaculture in Latin America and the Caribbean........................................... 58 Diagnosis............................................................................................................................... 59 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................