feature article feature article Repair and servicing facility north-eastern states, Sikkim, Jammu and central subsidy is also provided for repair The government pays a job fee of Rs 800 Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, and revival of family-type biogas plants per biogas plant constructed on turnkey hilly districts, and islands. In other that are at least five years old and have basis with three years’ warranty for regions, it is Rs 700 per plant. Financial developed structural defects thereafter. trouble-free functioning of the plant in support limited to 50% of the rate of Courtesy: MNRE, Government of India Bioethanol production Manufacturers of biogas M/s Sweet Home Appliances Pvt. Ltd M/s Malhotra Engineering Company (P) Ltd from 3-E/16, BPNIT 572-B, Nangloi burners Faridabad – 121 001 New Delhi – 110 041 M/s Sunflame Industries (P) Ltd M/s Tulsi Domestic Appliances M/s Rupak Enterprises Shed No. 2, Plot No. 58 30-A, Old Industrial Area 1/46 Vishwas Nagar, Shahdra P O Amar Nagar, Faridabad – 121 003 Alwar - 301 001 New Delhi –110 032 biomass M/s Batra Investments Pvt. Ltd M/s Associated Engineering Works Bhawna Industries 14/1, Mathura Road Tanuku - 534 211 8-A, Industrial Development Colony P O Amarnagar Andhra Pradesh Kunjpura Road, Karnal – 132 001, Haryana Faridabad – 121 003 M/s Mitaso Appliances Ltd M/s Mech-Ci-Co. M/s Gas and Chemical Industries (P) Ltd Plot No. 63, Sec. 6 1-7, GIDC Industrial Township 14/1 Mathura Road Faridabad – 121 006 Vatwa, Ahmedabad – 382 445 Faridabad - 121 003 M/s Agriculture Associates Inter Gas Appliances Pvt. Ltd M/s Baroda Appliances Station Road C-113, Sector-2 886/A, GIDC Makarpura Alwar (Rajasthan) Noida – 201 301, Uttar Pradesh Baroda - 10 Akshay Urja bids adieu to Mr Vilas Muttemwar, former Inviting articles for Minister for New and Renewable Energy Akshay Urja Shri Vilas Muttemwar represents Akshay Urja publishes news, articles, research Nagpur Lokshabha constituency SACHIN KUMAR1,2, PRATIBHA DHEERAN1 AND papers, case studies, success stories, and write- of Maharashtra and has been re- DILIP K AdHIKARI1 elected 7th time as a Member of ups on RE. Readers are invited to send material with original photographs and statistical data. The Parliament of the 15th Lok Sabha tropical regions such as Brazil, India, (35%–50%), hemicellulose (20%– in May 2009. Shri Vilas Muttemwar photographs should be provided on hard copy ignocellulosic biomass Thailand, Hawaii, and the southern 35%), polyphenolic lignin (10%–25%) completed his full tenure of five or as high resolution (minimum 300 DPI) files on is the most abundant USA. Other lignocellulosic feedstocks and other extractable components. years as Minister for New and a CD. Akshay Urja will pay suitable honorarium for renewable resource on earth. include agricultural residues such The utilization of both cellulose and Renewable Energy. During his each published article of about 1500 words and Lignocellulosic materials, as corncob, corn stover, wheat, hemicellulosic monosachharides like tenure the renewable energy sector above to the authors. The publication material in including wood, grass, forest and rice straw; industrial residue hexose and pentose present in a typical took a leap with installation of over two copies, along with a soft copy on CD/floppy/ Lresidues, agricultural residues, pulp such as pulp and paper processing lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate 9500 MW of renewable powers in e-mail may be sent to and paper mill wastes, and municipal waste; and energy crops such as switch (composition of various lignocellulosic the country, and the massive installation of solar water heating solid wastes can be used for bioethanol grass. biomass is shown in Table 1) is essential systems, solar lighting systems, family-size biogas plants, and a Editor, Akshay Urja production. Among these resources, Lignocellulosic materials are for the economical production of number of other renewable energy systems. The major initiatives agricultural residues, such as sugarcane comprised of lignin, hemicellulose, ethanol. Therefore, microorganisms Ministry of New and Renewable Energy taken by him for popularizing renewable energy among the bagasse, dominate in terms of tonnage and cellulose in varying proportions. that are able to ferment both glucose Block – 14, CGO Complex, common people include the Akshay Urja magazine, Rajiv Gandhi and can serve as feedstock. Sugarcane The general composition of and xylose are most desirable for an Akshay Urja Diwas, Renewable Energy Clubs, District Advisory Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003 bagasse is plentiful in tropical and sub- lignocellulosic biomass is cellulose efficient bioconversion of biomass to Committees, and so on. Tel. +91 11 2436 3035 Akshay Urja Team wishes him success in all his future Fax +91 11 2436 3035 1Biotechnology Area, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun (India) endeavours. E-mail [email protected] 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India) Tel. +91 135 252 5763; Fax +91 135 266 0202; E-mail [email protected] 1 VOLUME 2 • ISSUE 6 JUNE 2009 VOLUME 2 • ISSUE 6 JUNE 2009 1 feature article feature article di-hydrogen ortho phosphate, 1.0 g/l Analytical methods Table 1 Composition of various lignocellulosic raw materials ammonium sulphate, and 1.0 g/l yeast Table 2 Sugars and furfural (percentage of bagasse) recovered in first stage hydrolysis at different acid concentrations Reducing sugars in media and Raw materials Glucose Mannose Galactose Xylose Arabinose extract with pH 5.0 at 45 to 60 °C in fermented broth were determined by batch process and continuous process Acid concentration Solid to DNS (di-nitrosalicylic acid) method. Corn stover 39 0.3 0.8 14.8 3.2 (%) (w/w) liquid ratio Xylose(%) Glucose (%) Furfural (%) with recycling the cells. Ethanol was determined by using gas Wheat straw 36.6 0.8 2.4 19.2 2.4 2 1:10 9.2 0.6 0.12 chromatography using a Chemito Rice straw 41 1.8 0.4 14.8 4.5 Fermentation conditions 4 1:8 13.6 0.9 0.16 8600 Refinery Gas Analyser with a Sugarcane bagasse 38.1 -- 1.1 23.3 2.5 Batch fermentation process 6 1:8.8 19.6 1.4 0.23 4-m-long and 1/8 diameter Porapack Rice hulls 38.1 3.0 0.1 14.0 2.6 Batch fermentation of sugarcane 8 1:8.3 23.1 4.4 0.31 column with Chemosorb 80/60. Sample bagasse hydrolysate and cassava starch 1:5.2 25 4.6 0.41 was injected at 120 °C, and the oven hydrolysate was performed in 2 litre ethanol. The bioethanol production 1:4.2 26.14 4.6 0.63 temperature and flame ionization Materials and methods Bioflow-110 bioreactor by free cells from lignocellulosic biomass requires 10 1:8.4 25 5.8 0.95 detector temperature was 150 °C and Microorganisms and culture of Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453 in batch two essential steps: saccharification of 200 °C, respectively, using helium as a conditions mode. The temperature and agitation lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable carrier gas. Ethanol was also determined The strain used for ethanol production, were controlled at 50 °C and 200 rpm grown cells of Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453. Hydrolysis of starch biomass sugars and fermentation of sugars by colorimetry method. Furfural was Kluyveromyces sp. IIPE453, was grown respectively. The air/N flow in proper ratio was Hydrolysis of different starch biomass like to ethanol. 2 measured by Double Beam UV-VIS in salt medium containing 0.15 g/l controlled in the bioreactor for in situ soluble starch, cassava, tapioca, sweet Worldwide, bioethanol is currently Spectrophotometer 2600 at 277nm. (gram per litre) di-sodium hydrogen Continuous fermentation process recovery of ethanol. The process was sorghum, and maize was performed in 1 produced by fermentation of monomeric ortho phosphate, 0.15 g/l potassium with recycling the cells performed at different dilution rates, cell litre flasks containing 5% starch biomass sugars by mesophiles, which ferment Results and discussion di-hydrogen ortho phosphate, Continuous fermentation was mass concentration, and temperatures. in 200 ml 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) the sugars at 25–37 °C. These mesophiles Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse 2.0 g/l ammonium sulphate, 1.0 g/l yeast performed in 2 litre Bioflow-110 The pH and agitation were controlled and 100 ml crude enzyme (5.29 mg/ml). have certain limitations in fermenting In first stage hydrolysis, sulphuric acid extract, and 10 g/l glucose with pH 5.5 bioreactor by using sugarcane bagasse at 5 and 250 rpm, respectively. All the flasks were incubated at 80 °C and pentose sugars produced from was used at different concentrations at 45 °C. Fermentation was carried out hydrolysate solution containing glucose monitored at an interval of 2 hours until lignocellulosic biomass. However, the (2% w/w to 10% w/w) and different in a medium prepared in hydrolysate and xylose sugars. The hydolysate Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse the total starch was hydrolysed. thermophiles have certain advantages solid-to-liquid ratios. The temperature containing 0.15 g/l di-sodium hydrogen solution, supplemented with inorganic The sugarcane bagasse powder was over mesophiles, which could be was maintained at 100 ºC for 1 hour. ortho phosphate, 0.15 g/l potassium salts, was fermented using previously collected from sugar mill. It was Recovery of sugars from exploited for ethanol production. The hydrolysate was separated from hydrolysed by sulphuric acid treatment hydrolysate Solvent tolerance, energy savings the residual bagasse and sugars and in two stages. In the first stage hydrolysis, The sugars from the bagasse hydrolysate through reduced cooling costs, higher furfural in hydrolysate were estimated. the sugarcane bagasse was soaked were recovered by ion exchange saccharification and fermentation The maximum 26.14% xylose and 4.6% into 2%–10% w/w sulphuric acid with chromatography using strong anion and rates, continuous ethanol removal, glucose (47% sugars of total cellulose a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 to 1:4.2.