Eric Voegelin and Robert Musil: Literary Approaches to Spiritual Pathology Copyright 2004 T. John Jamieson, Why did the disasters of the twentieth century happen? By "disasters" I mean the enslavement of nations to totalitarian regimes, the exterminations of class and race, the world wars and revolutions, and also the apparent cultural degeneration of elites in democratic countries, whose members accommodated themselves one way or another to the power of these external regimes and to the movements that instigated them, to the geopolitical claims of the regimes over territory and the dogmatic claims of the movements over science and the human spirit. This "why" is the pragmatic and theoretical question giving rise to the political philosophy of Eric Voegelin. By 1965, the problems of culture and the spirit were problems that had not been studied very deeply within the academic discipline of political science, when Voegelin said, "If, for instance, one wishes today to gain information about the great problems of thinking about order in Germany, one would be well advised to read the literary works of Robert Musil, Hermann Broch, Thomas Mann, Heimito von Doderer... rather than the professional literature of political science."1 [1] Elsewhere Voegelin gives partial credit to creative writers such as Proust, Val�ry, and Joyce, for opening the field of consciousness to him.2 [2] In an age of spiritual closure, realms of experience that are ideologically closed for academic and political elites 1 [1] Voegelin, Anamnesis (Collected Works, Vol.6) p. 389, in the 1965 lecture entitled "What is Political Reality?" 2 [2] See p. 5 of "Remembrance of Things Past," the 1977 essay in the Niemeyer edition of Anamnesis (Notre Dame, 1978). Last year I spoke here on the possible influence of Proust on Voegelin's "Anamnetic Experiments." Part of that paper appeared in "From Symbolism to Consciousness via Proust, in Modern Age, 45: 3 (Summer, 2003), pp. 218-228. may still be open to poets and novelists, particularly ones who stand apart skeptically from movements and parties and report what they have known about life directly and pragmatically. Both the knowing and telling may be direct and pragmatic, even without being philosophically na�ve. At the head of Voegelin's list of insightful German novelists is Robert Musil (1880‐1942), whose name he often invokes in connection with the concept of "second reality," which is Voegelin's concept for a self‐blinded condition suffered by ideologues when they substitute manufactured images for perceptions of reality, the authentic reality that everyone experiences. While Doderer, not Musil, is the novelist who uses the terminology of "second reality" explicitly, there is another exclusively Musilian concept that Voegelin finds useful in explaining ideological susceptibilities, indeed the concept that gives rise to the title of Musil's great unfinished novel, The Man without Qualities.3 [3] "Second reality" is a pathology of deformed consciousness that we might observe, not only in ideologists, but in many other people whose states of delusion nevertheless leave them ambulatory; and such is its universality that Voegelin uses the case of Don Quixote to illustrate it in his Hitler and the Germans. I find the concept of "man without qualities" harder to get at, even after reading Musil's enormous novel. Provisionally, let's say that a "man without qualities" is the modern man who is susceptible to conceiving his own second reality or who easily allows the ideologists and intellectual faddists of a climate of opinion to impose their second realities upon him. Whatever structure of the soul is meant by it, it is the defect of character that gives rise to indulgence in second realities. And perhaps one could find literary and 3 [3] Quotations come from the two-volume translation by Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike (Knopf, 1996). A review in The New Criterion, which I fail to lay my hands on at the moment of writing, expresses doubts about some overly helpful gestures in the translation, such as the heading of Part II, "Pseudoreality Prevails." If the translation is to be trusted, there are in this book pseudoreality, second reality, suprareality and also antireality. philosophical antecedents for this qualityless condition, but Voegelin does not provide them; and we are left needing to read Musil in order to discern Voegelin's intention fully. My problem in writing this paper is the burden of riches I have discovered in Musil, beyond that of performing any exegesis of Voegelin. There is a congruence of backgrounds and interests.4 [4] As I said, a novelist may capture experience with great directness without necessarily being philosophically na�ve, and Musil had written a dissertation on Ernst Mach, a phenomenological critique of Mach's positivism.5 [5] He wrote this dissertation while studying experimental psychology, problems of sense perception, Gestalt psychology, and (one may assume) morbid psychology to some extent also. For in the novel, Musil contextualizes his "second reality" pneumopathology with clinical cases: one plot line involves a sex murderer (Moosbrugger) and the fascination he causes among "normal" people which results in a plot to release him; another plot line involves a victim of child sex abuse with a fixation on Nietzche (Clarisse), who tours a sanitarium and feels kinship with its inmates and eventually suffers a breakdown; and there is plenty of hysteria among other characters to spread around. Musil takes an interest in the same psychological issues that interest Freud and Jung; but he regards Freud with suspicion and perceives Freudianism's growth as an ideological movement, and he doesn't need Jung because he already has found his own handle on the typology of human personality and on mysticism. Musil and his main character embrace the study of mysticism as they search for the authentic spiritual experience that has been lost to European culture since the Enlightenment at least. Musil is interested 4 [4] One wonders about the extent to which they knew each other. There is a letter from Musil in Voegelin's papers which I have not been able to consult. In the Diaries, Musil mentions Voegelin's The Race Idea, and the passage suggests that it assisted his thinking on theories of race. See Diaries 1899-1941 (Basic Books, 1998), 385, 386. 5 [5] On Mach's Theories, Introduction by G. H. von Wright (Cath. Univ. of America Press, 1982). enough in the philosophy of history to write a skeptical essay on Spengler,6 [6] and he is a European liberal who nods to the free market economics of the Viennese school.7 [7] Then there is Musil's criticism of ideology and utopia which I will touch on in his paper. And there is the heritage of early twentieth century Symbolist poetry, giving rise to early modern literature, out of which Musil's fiction grows, and which was Voegelin's literary field of interest and lies in part behind his study of consciousness and mysticism, about which I will try to say a little. Taking all these strands together, I have acquired a surer sense of the milieu in which Voegelin arose, a context of themes and influences which have had an effect on the American conservative climate of opinion in the later twentieth century not only through Voegelin. Musil deserves to be studied whole, both for his own sake and in relation to Voegelin. The present paper, however, is the fruit of only a single year of Musil reading, which I embarked upon as an experiment, and I am afraid that I can only ask questions here and provide tentative answers. My year of Musil studies parallels the plot of The Man Without Qualities.The fictional time of Musil's tale is one year, Summer 1913 to Summer 1914, during which a thirty‐three‐year‐old Viennese dilettante named Ulrich takes what he calls a vacation from life itself, in order to pursue life as a pure experiment. I say "fictional time" because this novel is a story taking place in a parallel universe of fiction. The country of this fictional Vienna is not the Austro‐Hungarian Empire but a satirical, fictional country called Kakania, after the honorific initials that precede the names of the dual monarchy's rulers 6 [6] "Mind and Experience: Notes for Readers Who Have Eluded the Decline of the West," in Precision and Soul: Essays and Addresses (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 134. 7 [7] His businessmen in Man Without Qualities include Arnheim and Leo Fischel. In his ethical theorizing Musil speculates on the "good evil," which is ultimately a beneficial privation. and its ministries and institutions.8 [8] (As sarcastic as this kaka reference seems, Musil pays many backhanded compliments to a regime where life was definitely better than in the independent Austrian republic entre deux guerres.) Why does Musil underline the fictive nature of his novel this way? History is important to him, but he does not mean to write a historical novel,9 [9] not the Austrian War and Peace, not the Great Austrian Novel.10 [10] The Man Without Qualities is meant as a philosophical, psychological, and sociological novel, an investigation of the bankruptcy and lostness of people in a doomed regime in which they carry on with no inkling of its doom; it is a story in which things happen that did not happen in the Austria‐Hungary of 1913, so that the collapse of the real Austria‐Hungary as a society, starting with its elites, may be understood. Let me say here, though‐‐by way of clarifying Musil's intention in the novel‐‐that you cannot look to The Man Without Qualities for an analysis of the rise of Nazism, even though Musil worked on it throughout the Nazi period until his death.