The Shift of Valuation and Management in ‘Denken Chiku’ Protected Townscapes in Japan Comparative Analysis with Contemporary Western Protection Policies 日本の重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の評価方法と地 域マネジメントの変遷について 西洋近代における地域保存政策との比較研究から February 2018 Jon ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ アルバレス フェルナンデス ジョン The Shift of Valuation and Management in ‘Denken Chiku’ Protected Townscapes in Japan Comparative Analysis with Contemporary Western Protection Policies 日本の重要伝統的建造物群保存地区の評価方法と地 域マネジメントの変遷について 西洋近代における地域保存政策との比較研究から February 2018 Waseda University Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering Department of Architecture, Research on History of Architectural Construction and Expression Jon ALVAREZ FERNANDEZ アルバレス フェルナンデス ジョン TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 5 Background of this research .................................................................................................. 5 Objectives and theoretical framework .................................................................................. 9 Thesis structure: parts of the research and methodology applied in each part.................. 17 The valuation. The why, the for what. The values defined in townscape designation. ........................................................................................................... 17 The planning. The what, the how. The focus point and methodology of the study and planning .......................................................................................................... 18 The management and its consequences. The who, the for whom. ....................... 19 2. EVOLUTION OF JAPANESE TOWNSCAPE VALUATION .............................. 21 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 21 The origins and evolution of the Japanese approach from Meiji revolution to the definition of denken chiku in 1975, and its specific traits comparing to European approach ............. 22 From Meiji revolution to World War II (1868-1945): the common origins of preservation in Japan and Europe ......................................................................... 22 From post-war period to the creation of denken chiku system (1945-1975): the formation of a model of townscape preservation specific to Japan ...................... 28 The chronological evolution of the designations in denken chiku system .......................... 34 Stage 1, 1975-1990: designation of archetypical towns ....................................... 38 Stage 2, 1990-2004: rural sites after the bubble burst. ......................................... 40 Stage 3, 2004-2014: village, landscape, community ............................................. 41 The evolution of designation from a social and economic view, and its effects on the nature and location of eligible districts ............................................................................... 42 Stage 1: the rescue of urban areas and the new tourism ...................................... 45 Stage 2: the inclusion of slow-paced elements and places .................................... 47 Stage 3: remote areas and local communities ...................................................... 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 50 3. CASE STUDY: EVOLUTION OF DENKEN CHIKU PLANNING ....................... 53 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 53 Case 1, Yōkaichi Gokoku district, Uchiko town, Ehime ........................................................ 54 Presentation of the case and its motivation for preservation ............................... 54 Analysis of the evolution in the planning from the points of view of environment, functional system, social system and town structure ............................................ 64 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 80 Case 2, Utsubuki Tamagawa district, Kurayoshi city, Tottori ............................................... 82 Presentation of the case and motivation for preservation .................................... 82 Analysis of the evolution in the planning from the points of view of environment, functional system, social system and town structure ............................................ 89 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 102 Case 3, Ine Ura district, Ine town, Kyoto ............................................................................ 104 Presentation of the case and motivation for preservation .................................. 104 Analysis of the evolution in the planning from the points of view of environment, functional system, social system and town structure .......................................... 111 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 123 Conclusions of the chapter ................................................................................................ 124 4. ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT IN 'DENKEN CHIKU' SYSTEM AND ITS EVOLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT ................................................ 125 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 125 The evolution of the agents and the management in denken chiku ................................. 127 Presentation of the cases, the agents taking part and the motivation of each agent .................................................................................................................... 127 Division of tasks among the governmental and community agents ................... 134 Analysis of each management model and their effects..................................................... 146 Preservation management and its effects on functional systems ....................... 146 Preservation management and its effects on social systems .............................. 157 Preservation management and its effects on environment ................................ 162 Preservation management and its effects on town structure ............................. 167 Conclusions of the analysis .................................................................................. 171 Analysis of the evolution of denken chiku system in an international context ................. 174 Summary .............................................................................................................. 174 Characteristics of denken chiku system: linear and centred on role division ...... 179 The evolution of international theoretical and practical framework in recent times ............................................................................................................................. 182 The viability of the implementation of a knowledge-centred system in the denken chiku ..................................................................................................................... 186 5. CONCLUSIONS, OPEN QUESTIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE IN ‘DENKEN CHIKU’ ........................................................................................ 189 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 189 Open questions and challenges for the future in denken chiku ........................................ 191 Environmental aspects ......................................................................................... 192 Functional aspects ............................................................................................... 193 Social aspects ....................................................................................................... 196 Aspects related to town structure ....................................................................... 198 Last word ............................................................................................................................ 199 REFERENCES............................................................................................... 201 1. INTRODUCTION Background of this research The acknowledgement of cultural townscapes as cultural artefacts is closely linked with the enlargement of the concept of monument after World War II, in its typological, chronological and geographical aspects1. Regarding typology, there is a significant difference between the memorial function of the intentional monuments built pre-modern times, as described by Riegl2, and the modern concept of historical monument, which includes any human creation that contains any information from the past. The former concept is limited to creations requested by a socio-political elite to remind future generations about events regarding a common past. The latter, as defined by Choay3, is defined by the knowledge, rather than memory or identity. Consequently, any creation with a value of material culture is susceptible of being acknowledged as a monument, which means that new typologies outside the intentional monuments, such as popular architecture, vernacular architecture, groups of buildings, to mention some, can be historical monuments. Regarding chronological and geographical