ISSN Number 0971 - 9709 SPECIAL VOLUME JIGU Special Volume-1/ 2016 SPECIAL ISSUE on CO2 Injection for EOR & Geological Sequestration Guest Editors Professor V.P. Dimri Dr. Nimisha Vedanti INDIAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION Journal of Indian Geophysical Union Indian Geophysical Union Editorial Board Executive Council Chief Editor Patron P.R. Reddy (Geosciences), Hyderabad Harsh K. Gupta, Panikkar Fellow, Hyderabad Executive Editors President T.R.K. Chetty (Geology), Hyderabad Shailesh Nayak, Distinguished Scientist, MOES, New Delhi Rajiv Nigam (Marine Geology), Goa Kalachand Sain (Geophysics), Hyderabad Vice- Presidents S.W.A. Naqvi, CSIR-NIO, Goa Y.J. Bhaskar Rao, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad Assistant Editor V.K. Dadhwal, NRSC, Hyderabad M.R.K. Prabhakara Rao (Ground Water Sciences), Hyderabad S.C. Shenoi, INCOIS, Hyderabad Editorial Board Honorary Secretary D.N. Avasthi (Petroleum Geophysics), New Delhi Kalachand Sain, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad Archana Bhattacharya (Space Sciences), Mumbai Umesh Kulshrestha (Atmospheric Sciences), New Delhi Organizing Secretary T.M. Mahadevan (Deep Continental Studies), Ernakulam A.S.S.S.R.S. Prasad, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad Prantik Mandal (Seismology), Hyderabad Joint Secretary Ajay Manglik (Geodynamics), Hyderabad O.P. Mishra, MoES, New Delhi O.P. Mishra (Seismology& Disaster Management), MoES, New Delhi Walter D Mooney (Seismology & Natural Hazards), USA Treasurer Ranadhir Mukhopadhyay (Marine Geology), Goa Mohd. Rafique Attar, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad Malay Mukul (Mathematical Geology), Mumbai S.V.S. Murty (Planetary Sciences), Ahmedabad Executive Members B.V.S. Murthy (Mineral Exploration), Hyderabad A.K. Chaturvedi, AMD/DAE, Hyderabad Nandini Nagarajan (Geomagnetism), Hyderabad P. Sanjeeva Rao, DST, Delhi P. Rajendra Prasad (Hydrology), Visakhapatnam Pushpendra Kumar, ONGC, Dehradun M.V. Ramana (Marine Geophysics), Goa S. Rajan, NCAOR, Goa D.P. Rao (Space Application), Hyderabad B. Madhusudhan Rao, OU, Hyderabad N.V. Chalapathi Rao (Geochemistry & Geochronology), Varanasi Ashok P. Dimri, JNU, New Delhi P. Sanjeeva Rao (Agrometeorology & Climatology), New Delhi S.K. Subramanian, NRSC (Rtd), Hyderabad Y.J. Bhaskar Rao (Geochronology), Hyderabad Sanjay K. Jha, Omni Infoword Pvt. Ltd., Noida S.P. Sharma (Geophysics), Kharaghpur S.S. Teotia, KU, Kurukshetra Surjalal Sharma (Atmospheric Sciences), USA D. Srinivasa Sarma, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad B.G. Siddharth (Planetary Sciences), Hyderabad B. Veenadhari, IIG, Mumbai R.N. Singh (Theoretical & Environmental Geophysics), Hyderabad Rima Chatterjee, ISM, Dhanbad R.P. Singh (Atmospheric Sciences), USA P. Rama Rao, AU, Visakhapatanam Manik Talwani (Marine Geosciences), USA R.K. Mall, BHU, Varanasi P. Sivasubramanian, Electrotek International, Chennai EDITORIAL OFFICE V. Ramamurty, GSI, Hyderabad Indian Geophysical Union, NGRI Campus, Uppal Road, Subrata Borgohain, DU, Dibrurgarh Hyderabad- 500 007 Nimisha Vedanti, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad Telephone: +91 -40-27012799; 23434631; Telefax:+91-04-27171564 Ex- Officio Member E. mail: [email protected], website: www.j-igu.in P. Koteswara Rao, CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad The Open Access Journal with four issues in a year publishes articles covering Solid Earth Geosciences; Marine Geosciences; and Atmospheric, Space and Planetary Sciences. Annual Subscription Individual Rs. 1000 per issue and Institutional Rs. 3500 for four issues Payments should be sent by DD drawn in favour of “The Treasurer, Indian Geophysical Union”, payable at Hyderabad. For correspondence, please contact, Hon. Secretary, Indian Geophysical Union, NGRI Campus, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007, India; Email: [email protected]; Ph: 040 27012799 CONTENTS Preface. 3 1. Carbon Dioxide Sequestration During Enhanced Oil Recovery: Operational and Economical Aspects G.P. Karmakar . 5 2. Monitoring Microseismicity in Oil Boreholes J. R. Kayal. 13 3. Possibility of CO2 Sequestration in Basalt and Sub-Basalt Sediments in and Around Peninsular India K.S. Misra, A. Shukla and S. Niyogi . 16 4. Some Insights into Possible CO2 Sequestration in Subsurface Formations beneath Deccan Volcanic Province of India O.P. Pandey, N. Vedanti and S.S. Ganguli. 20 5. Investigation of Geomechanical and Rock Physics Aspects Related to Underground Storage and Monitoring of CO2 P. Cerasi, R. M. Holt, A. Lavrov, J. F. Stenebråten. 26 6. Visualizing Uncertainty in CO2 Plume Migration During Sequestration S. Srinivasan and H. Jeong . 30 7. Coal Bed Methane Exploration and Possibility for CO2 Sequestration in Jharia Coalfield, India R. Chatterjee and S. Paul . 37 8. Geochemical Modeling and Experimental Studies on Mineral Carbonation of Primary Silicates for Long-term Immobilization of CO2 in Basalt from the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province J. P. Shrivastava, N. Rani and V. Pathak . 42 9. Monte – Carlo Simulations: Permeability Variation with Fractal and Pore Structural Parameters U. Vadapali. 59 10. Emerging Considerations about the Sustainability of CCS for EOR and other Downstream Applications: A Policy Perspective R. Gopichandran. 64 This is an open access Journal. One can freely DOWNLOAD contents from www.j-igu.in Preface e are pleased to present a special issue estimate the CO2-EOR potential of the Ankleshwar of the Journal of the Indian Geophysical field with due support from the ONGC Ltd., India. WUnion entitled “CO2 injection for EOR The project was sponsored by the Norwegian & Geological Sequestration”. This issue is based Embassy, India and the Council of Scientific and on the papers presented at the Indo-Norwegian Industrial Research (CSIR), India. Major outcomes conference on “CO2 Injection for EOR & Geological of this project were two PhDs; one from Academy of Sequestration” held during November 26-28, 2013 Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR) (Ganguli, at CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, 2016) and other from Osmania University (Vadapalli, Hyderabad, India. The conference was jointly 2016 (a)), a text book (Dimri et al., 2012) published organized by the CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad and the by Elsevier and many papers in scientific journals SINTEF Petroleum Research, Trondheim, Norway (Vadapalli et al., 2014; Ganguli et al., 2016; Pandey under the aegis of the Norwegian Embassy in India. et al., 2016; Vadapalli, 2016 (b)). CO2 injection for EOR has received a great attention The conference was organized by the project team to due to multifold benefits such as enhancing oil disseminate the knowledge gained in this research recovery, possibility of CO2 sequestration in the project. Total 32 papers from industry and academia hydrocarbon reservoir and high tax savings in some were presented during the conference; however, countries by earning carbon credits. In this method, 10 full manuscripts, mainly from academia were supercritical CO2 is injected into a reservoir through submitted for the publication. These 10 manuscripts injection wells ideally at a pressure equal to or above were initially reviewed by the conference organizing the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), so that committee and later by external experts, hence it the CO2 and oil mix together to form a liquid that took a little longer than expected to bring out the flows easily to the production well. CO2 can also be special issue. In this regard, we sincerely appreciate injected at a pressure below the MMP to swell the the authors for contributing their work to this special oil and make it mobile, this method is known as issue and for patiently revising the manuscripts to immiscible injection. meet the suggestions of the referees. We also thank our learned reviewers for their valuable time. Global data shows that the CO2–EOR techniques have a potential to increase the yield of depleting or Since the theme of the conference was based on heavy oil fields, but in India this method has not been CO2 injection, most of the papers published in this applied to any oil field for commercial production volume are related to the technical aspect of CO2 because of several operational reasons. Laboratory sequestration and CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery; studies carried out by the Oil & Natural Gas however, one paper is based on the policy related Corporation Limited (ONGC Ltd.), India, indicated aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). The that the recovery from depleting Ankleshwar oil field topics covered in this special issue include basic situated in Cambay basin of India could be increased concepts of CO2 injection, injection related micro- by immiscible CO2 injection as miscible injection seismicity, CO2 sequestration in Deccan volcanics, required high MMP. Thus, a research project was study of leakage risks associated with the CO2 formulated by CSIR-NGRI in collaboration with the sequestration and estimation of uncertainty in the SINTEF Petroleum Research, Trondheim, Norway to migration of the CO2 plume in the reservoir. We have made an attempt to bring together some of the We acknowledge the Norwegian Embassy in India insightful papers, covering most of the aspects of the and our parent organization CSIR for financial CO2 injection. support, ONGC Ltd. for data, our project team that includes Idar Akervoll, Per Bergmo, Szczepan Polak, During the United Nations Climate Change Ravi Prakash Srivastava, Biswajit Mandal, Ranjana Conference held in Paris in 2015, Government of Ghosh, Pallavi Banerjee, Uma Vadapalli and Shib India committed to reduce green-house gas emissions Ganguli, for their scientific contributions and our to 33-35% per cent of 2005 levels by 2030. This support staff P. Nagarjuna, Deepak Kumar and implies that in near