historie 08.11.2018 vjj 1 pravěk INPUT PROGRAM OUTPUT 08.11.2018 vjj 2 evoluce • dávkové zpracování • interaktivní práce • prompt • GUI 08.11.2018 vjj 3 evoluce INPUT PROGRAM OUTPUT 08.11.2018 vjj 4 evoluce Windows • bitmap graphics model - Device Context • Windows does not retain a copy of what the application drew • Windows 3.0 (1990) • bitmap graphics model - layered Device Context • Windows does retain a copy of the drawing as a bitmap • Windows 2000 (beta 1998) • .NET Framework (2001-2005) • vector graphics model – WPF (on DirectX) • tree of user-interface elements with objects representing graphical shapes • Windows Vista, .NET Framework 3.0 (2006) • Metro - deterioration • Windows 8, .NET Framework 4.5 (2012) 08.11.2018 vjj 5 1: Win32 API classique 08.11.2018 vjj 6 Uživatel Fronta zpráv GetMessage (mouse, keyboard) hardware interrupt DRIVER DispatchMessage System message queue WindowProc WindowProc RIT Raw Input Thread Fronta zpráv 8.11.18 vjj 7 WM_PAINT • každý ovládací prvek je samostatným oknem s vlastní procedurou na zpracovávání zpráv • celá stavba programu/algoritmu se točila kolem přípravy dat pro vykreslení obsahu okna vždy, když přišla zpráva WM_PAINT (a že chodila často) • během přímého kreslení se výstup do momentálně neviditelné části okna nikam nezapsal 08.11.2018 vjj 8 User Windows OS Invalidate... Program WM_PAINT GetDC Program Funkce GDI32 / GDI+ Graphics Card Frame Buffer for Screen Image data only retained as long as it remains visible on screen 08.11.2018 vjj 9 PROGRAM: direct Device Context OUTPUT PROGRAM PROGRAM PROGRAM PROGRAM PROGRAM WM_PAINT WM_PAINT WM_PAINT WM_PAINT WM_PAINT 08.11.2018 vjj 10 standardní funkce • TextOut • MoveToEx DrawText LineTo Rectangle Ellipse • DrawIcon Pie Arc Chord Polyline • BitBlt Polygon stretchBlt 08.11.2018 vjj 11 Device Context • standardní funkce pro kreslení do okna vyžadují hDC jako svůj první parametr • datová struktura popisující vlastnosti výstupu, např. • font – text • pero – čárová grafika • štětec – pozadí • Update Region • hDC z funkcí BeginPaint, GetDC, ... • CS_CLASSDC, CS_OWNDC 08.11.2018 vjj 12 bitmap graphics model • each UI element (HWND) has exclusive ownership of some region of the application's window • within each top-level window, any given pixel in that window is controlled completely by exactly one UI element • this prevents elements from being partially transparent • it also preludes the use of anti-aliasing around the edges of elements 08.11.2018 vjj 13 TextOut TextOut (hDC, x, y, "text", délka) ; SetTextAlign (hDC, TA_LEFT | TA_TOP) ; TA_RIGHT TA_BOTTOM TA_CENTER TA_NOUPDATECP TA_UPDATECP SetTextColor (hDC, dwColorRGB) ; RGB (255, 255, 255) dwColorRGB = GetTextColor (hDC) ; 08.11.2018 vjj 29 Čárová grafika • MoveToEx (hDC, doX, doY, NULL) ; • LineTo (hDC, doX, doY) ; • Rectangle (hDC, leftX, topY, rightX, bottomY) ; • Ellipse (hDC, leftX, topY, rightX, bottomY) ; • Pie (hDC, leftX, topY, rightX, bottomY, x3, y3, x4, y4) ; • Arc (hDC, leftX, topY, rightX, bottomY, x3, y3, x4, y4) ; • Chord(hDC, leftX, topY, rightX, bottomY, x3, y3, x4, y4); • Polyline (hDC, CONST POINT *lpPoints, int nPočet) ; • Polygon (hDC, CONST POINT *lpPoints, int nPočet) ; SetPolyFillMode (hDC, ALTERNATE nebo WINDING); 08.11.2018 vjj 34 Bitmap 08.11.2018 vjj 43 2: layered window Win32 API upgrade 08.11.2018 vjj 70 layered window Windows WM_PAINT Program Funkce GDI32 / GDI+ off-screen Layered Window Buffer Desktop Compositing Engine (DCE) Graphics Card Frame Buffer for Screen 08.11.2018 vjj 71 2½: Windows.Forms 1st generation of .NET 08.11.2018 vjj 77 .NET GDI Graphics Model Aplikace Drawing Objects Funkce GDI32 / GDI+ Buffer for the Window Windows .NET runtime Funkce GDI32 / GDI+ off-screen Layered Window Buffer Desktop Window Manager (DWM) Graphics Card Buffer 08.11.2018 vjj 78 3: DirectX 08.11.2018 vjj 86 3½: WPF 08.11.2018 vjj 88 Desktop Window Manager DWM.EXE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager 08.11.2018 vjj 89 DWM • window undercoat • window with non-rectangular area • window chrome • window without title bar • window content • GDI, DirectX (WPF) • window composition • partial transparency, blur, outer glow, anti-aliasing 08.11.2018 vjj 90 DWM • It was originally created to enable portions of the "Windows Aero" user experience (Windows Vista, Windows 7), which allowed for effects such as • transparency, • 3D window switching • and more • it has been subsequently • severely reduced, blocked - with advent of Windows 8 • severely reduced, code removed – Windows 8, 8.1 • partially revived – several updates of Windows 10 08.11.2018 vjj 91 window chrome 08.11.2018 vjj 92 with UI chrome WindowStyle="ThreeDBorderWindow" 08.11.2018 vjj 93 without UI chrome WindowStyle="None" 08.11.2018 vjj 94 non-rectangular window 08.11.2018 vjj 95 Win32 API SetWindowRgn SetWindowPos (hMyMainWindow, 0, 100, 100, 800, 400, SWP_NOZORDER) ; rg1 = CreateEllipticRgn (0, -400, 800, 400) ; rg2 = CreateRectRgn (0, 0, 800, 400) ; CombineRgn (rg1, rg1, rg2, RGN_AND) ; rg2 = CreateEllipticRgn (500, 50, 700, 150) ; CombineRgn (rg1, rg1, rg2, RGN_DIFF) ; SetWindowRgn (hMyMainWindow, rg1, TRUE) ; 08.11.2018 vjj 96 Win32 API SetWindowRgn 08.11.2018 vjj 97 WPF VisualClip this.VisualClip = new EllipseGeometry (new Rect(new Point(0, 0), new Size(400, 400))); 08.11.2018 vjj 98 WPF VisualClip WindowStyle="ThreeDBorderWindow" 08.11.2018 vjj 99 WPF VisualClip WindowStyle="None" 08.11.2018 vjj 100 AllowsTransparency <Window x:Class="GlassW.Window1" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" AllowsTransparency="True" WindowStyle="None"> • requires WindowStyle="None“ • AllowsTransparency cannot be changed after a Window has been shown or WindowInteropHelper.EnsureHandle has been called 08.11.2018 vjj 101 WPF WindowStyle="None" AllowsTransparency="True" 08.11.2018 vjj 102 window opacity 08.11.2018 vjj 103 Opacity Opacity="0.4" 08.11.2018 vjj 104 Opacity WindowStyle="None" AllowsTransparency="True" Background="Transparent" 08.11.2018 vjj 105 Aero blur DwmIsCompositionEnabled DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow 08.11.2018 vjj 106 Aero blur <Window x:Class="GlassW.Window1" xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" AllowsTransparency="False" WindowStyle="None" Background="Transparent"> • requires desktop Aero Theme 08.11.2018 vjj 107 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea 08.11.2018 vjj 108 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea 08.11.2018 vjj 109 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea 08.11.2018 vjj 110 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea public class GlassHelper { [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] struct MARGINS { public MARGINS( Thickness t ) { Left = (int)t.Left; Right = (int)t.Right; Top = (int)t.Top; Bottom = (int)t.Bottom; } public int Left; public int Right; public int Top; public int Bottom; } // P/Invoke [DllImport("dwmapi.dll", PreserveSig = false)] static extern void DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea( IntPtr hWnd, ref MARGINS pMarInset); [DllImport("dwmapi.dll", PreserveSig = false)] static extern bool DwmIsCompositionEnabled(); 08.11.2018 vjj 111 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea public static bool ExtendGlassFrame( System.Windows.Window window, Thickness margin) { IntPtr hwnd = new WindowInteropHelper( window ).Handle; if (hwnd == IntPtr.Zero) return false; if ( ! DwmIsCompositionEnabled() ) return false; MARGINS margins = new MARGINS( margin ); DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea( hwnd, ref margins ); return true; } } // class GlassHelper 08.11.2018 vjj 112 DwmExtendFrameIntoClientArea private void myBackgroundVisibility_Unchecked( object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { // Set the WPF background to transparent this.Background = Brushes.Transparent; // Set the Win32 background to transparent IntPtr hwnd = new WindowInteropHelper(this).Handle; if (hwnd == IntPtr.Zero) return; HwndSource.FromHwnd(hwnd).CompositionTarget.BackgroundColor = Colors.Transparent; } 08.11.2018 vjj 113 DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow 08.11.2018 vjj 114 DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow [DllImport("dwmapi.dll", PreserveSig = false)] static extern void DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow( IntPtr hWnd, ref DWM_BLURBEHIND pBlurBehind); [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] struct DWM_BLURBEHIND { public DWM_BB dwFlags; public bool fEnable; public IntPtr hRgnBlur; public bool fTransitionOnMaximized; public DWM_BLURBEHIND(bool enabled) { fEnable = enabled ? true : false; hRgnBlur = IntPtr.Zero; fTransitionOnMaximized = false; dwFlags = DWM_BB.Enable; } DWM_BLURBEHIND bb = new DWM_BLURBEHIND(bbb); DwmEnableBlurBehindWindow(hwnd, ref bb); 08.11.2018 vjj 115 WPF 08.11.2018 vjj 116 WPF • zjednodušení stromové struktury oken, ze kterých se skládá UI aplikace • všechny ovládací prvky uvnitř okna už nejsou samostatnými okny, ale jen ilustracemi • o rozlišení událostí, které se jich týkají, se místo jádra Windows (vlákno RAW) stará .NET runtime (tj. DLL uvnitř Win32 API aplikace hostující .NET, která zpracovává Win32 API zprávy) • Metro šlo ve zjednodušení stromové struktury oken ještě dál - runtime + všechny apps = jediný Win32 API proces s jediným oknem (full screen) 08.11.2018 vjj 118 WPF Graphics Model • Windows Presentation Foundation (Avalon) • nadstavba nad DirectX • HW akcelerace • transformace jsou aplikovány na libovolnou část vizuálního stromu, tj. ne pouze na kompletní uživatelskou oblast okna jako u Win32 API • nezávislé na hardwaru a na rozlišení • vždy vektorové • jednotky: "device-independent pixels" = 1/96th of an inch • výpočty - float • WPF Windows are based on old fashioned Win32 window objects. • The