Mexico! ! " With Peru, Mexico wasone of the pillars of the Spanish American empire! ! " Great mineral wealth, Indian labor, fertile land; and large space for settlement! Sapnish conquest! •" Cortes landed in Yucatan in 1519! •" The Aztec empire destroyed in 1521.! •" 'New Spain' became viceroyalty in 1535: tTerritory from Panama to mid (modern) US; also included Philippines.! •" Native Mexicans were enslaved through encomienda system and silver mining.! •" Boom and bust aspects of mining made farming and ranching more lucrative, leading to a wealthy land-owning class .! Afro-Mexicans! •" Thousands of slaves imported, mainl to work in highland mines.! •" Most arrived in Vera Cruz - only authorized port. Some entered via Alcapulco from E. Africa! •" Many Africans assimilated with the Native Mexicanpopulation, but vestiges of African culture still exist in Alcapulco and Vera Cruz.! Independence and Revolution! •" After Independence in 1821, the central American states separated, except Chiapas (originally part of Guatamala). ! •" Northern Mexico was taken by US in 1848.! •" Independence was followed by civil wars, coups,a French invasion (1860-67), and Benito Juarez (first Native-Mexican president).! •" Porfiro Diaz' dictatorship (1876-1911) spurred the Mexican Revolution, which resulted in a new constitution in 1917, and the 70 year reign of the PRI party.! Mexicans in the US! •" 90% of the original Mexican population remained in the former Mexican territories after 1848 (about 70,000).! •" The Mexican Revolutionresulted in a large immigration to the US, reinforcing the Mexican population in border areas.! •" In the 1920s, US recruited agricultural workers from poor southern states. Hence, Southern Mexican Spanish introduced to US, along with Northern Spanish already there.! •" Continued immigration, most recently beyond the Southwestern border regions.! Native Languages! •" Several Native American languages are robustly spoken in Mexico, including Mayan in the Yucatan and Chiapas; Zapotecan and Mixtecan in Oaxaca; and Nahuatl in the central region. ! •" There is long standing bilingualism, although there are still many mono-lingual Native Mexicans, particularly in the Yucatan! Phonology - General! •" Yeísta! •" Trilled r! •" Lax [e] (unstressed (e.g. [d"spwés])! •" Alveolar [n]! Phonology - Central! •" Strong /y/ ([#] in somewhat affected D.F. speech)! •" Unstressed vowel reduction! •" Assibilated final /r/! •" Strong /x/! •" No /s/ reduction! ! Chilango! Phonology - North! •" Strong /s/, except some /s/ reduction (rural and stigmatized)! •" /d/ weakening (Sonora)! •" [$] instead of [%] (Sonora)! Accentos del Norte! Phonology – Costal Veracruz and Aacapulco! •" /s/ aspiration, but somewhat socially stigmatized! •" Weak /x/ ([h])! •" Velar final/n/ ([&])! •" Final consonant deletion or [r] > [l] (socially stigmatized)! Phonology - Yucatán! •" Final /n/ > [m] ([yukatám])! •" Weak /y/! •" Strong /s/! •" Unstressed vowel deletion; stressed vowel lengthening! •" Weak /x/ ([h])! •" Voiced stops V__V! •" Aspirated voicesless stops! Yucateco! Morphology - General! •" Tú, no vos, except Chiapas! •" No más ‘only’ No más quiero hablar! •" Mero ‘same’:! !Está en el mero centro, Ya mero, El mero mero! •" Diminutives with –ito! ! More morphology! •" Haiga (instead of haya) – stigmatized! •" Pos instead of pues, also stigmatized! •" 2nd singular preterits in –stes (e.g. tomastes)! •" Mande! •" Andale, córrele, pícale, híjole, órale, fúchile, quiúbole, guácale, úpale, guáchale …! Native-influenced syntax! •" Su papá de Pedro! •" Te cortaste tú dedo! •" No te lo da verguenza?! Lexical! Chamaco!‘kid’! Escuincle ‘brat’ (< Nahuatl ‘litte dog’)! Camote ‘yam’ (< Nahuatl)! Elote ‘corn’ (< Nahuatl)! Güero ‘blonde, white person’! Pinche ‘damm’! Popote ‘straw’! !.