Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown Committee on Exploration of the Seas, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-08927-1, 228 pages, 7 x 10, (2003) This free PDF was downloaded from: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online, free • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books • Purchase PDFs • Explore with our innovative research tools Thank you for downloading this free PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department toll-free at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to [email protected]. This free book plus thousands more books are available at http://www.nap.edu. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. Permission is granted for this material to be shared for noncommercial, educational purposes, provided that this notice appears on the reproduced materials, the Web address of the online, full authoritative version is retained, and copies are not altered. To disseminate otherwise or to republish requires written permission from the National Academies Press. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html Committee on Exploration of the Seas Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineer- ing, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropri- ate balance. This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. 56-DKNA-1-95107 and 56-DGNA- 1-00001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This report is funded in part by a contract from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or any of its subagencies. International Standard Book Number 0-309-08927-1 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-50938-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2003113727 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2003 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engi- neers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html COMMITTEE ON EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS JOHN ORCUTT (Chair), Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California SHIRLEY A. POMPONI (Vice-Chair), Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida TUNDI AGARDY, Sound Seas, Bethesda, Maryland GEORGE F. BASS, Texas A&M University, College Station EARL H. DOYLE, Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas TERRY GARCIA, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC BRUCE GILMAN, Sonsub Inc. (ret.), Houston, Texas SUSAN HUMPHRIS, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts PAULA KEENER-CHAVIS, College of Charleston, South Carolina (resigned March 2002) ISAO KOIKE, University of Tokyo, Japan RICHARD LUTZ, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey MARCIA MCNUTT, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California JOHN NORTON MOORE, University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville WALTER PITMAN III, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, New York JÖRN THIEDE, Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany VICTOR M. VICENTE-VIDAL LORANDI, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Morelos, Mexico Staff JENNIFER MERRILL, Senior Program Officer JODI BACHIM, Senior Project Assistant SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html OCEAN STUDIES BOARD NANCY RABALAIS (Chair), Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin ARTHUR BAGGEROER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge JAMES COLEMAN, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LARRY B. CROWDER, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina RICHARD B. DERISO, Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California ROBERT B. DITTON, Texas A&M University, College Station EARL DOYLE, Shell Oil (ret.), Sugar Land, Texas ROBERT DUCE, Texas A&M University, College Station PAUL G. GAFFNEY, II, National Defense University, Washington, DC WAYNE R. GEYER, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts STANLEY HART, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts MIRIAM KASTNER, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California RALPH S. LEWIS, Connecticut Geological Survey, Hartford WILLIAM F. MARCUSON, III, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers (ret.), Vicksburg, Mississippi JULIAN MCCREARY, JR., University of Hawaii, Honolulu JACQUELINE MICHEL, Research Planning, Inc., Columbus, South Carolina SCOTT NIXON, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett SHIRLEY A. POMPONI, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort Pierce, Florida FRED N. SPIESS, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California JON G. SUTINEN, University of Rhode Island, Kingston NANCY TARGETT, University of Delaware, Lewes Staff MORGAN GOPNIK, Director ROBERT HAMILTON, Acting Director JENNIFER MERRILL, Senior Program Officer SUSAN ROBERTS, Senior Program Officer DAN WALKER, Senior Program Officer JOANNE BINTZ, Program Officer TERRY SCHAEFER, Program Officer JOHN DANDELSKI, Research Associate vi Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10844.html ROBIN MORRIS, Financial Officer SHIREL SMITH, Administrative Associate NANCY CAPUTO, Senior Project Assistant SARAH CAPOTE, Project Assistant BYRON MASON, Project Assistant TERESIA WILMORE, Project Assistant vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exploration of the Seas: Voyage into the Unknown