UK UNCLASSIFIED UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014 Dr. Jonathan Pritchard Dr. Stephen Till Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down [email protected] 1 Final Version 14/02/2014 UNCONTROLLED DSTL/PUB75620 UK UNCLASSIFIED UK Quantum Technology Landscape 2014 Contents 1. Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 7 2. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 10 3. Overview of quantum technologies .............................................................................................. 11 3.1. Quantum physics .................................................................................................................. 11 3.2. Quantum technology ............................................................................................................ 12 4. Technology areas .......................................................................................................................... 12 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 12 4.2. Quantum timing and clocks .................................................................................................. 13 4.2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 4.2.2. Technology development and accuracy of atomic clocks ............................................ 15 4.2.3. Coherent population trapping (CPT) clocks .................................................................. 17 4.2.4. Quantum logic and single ion clocks ............................................................................. 18 4.2.5. Summary of current atomic clock performance ........................................................... 19 4.2.6. Atom chip and lattice clocks ......................................................................................... 20 4.2.7. Quantum clock synchronisation ................................................................................... 21 4.2.8. Issues and challenges .................................................................................................... 21 4.2.9. Synopsis ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.3. Quantum communications ................................................................................................... 23 4.3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 23 4.3.2. Secure transmission of classical information ............................................................... 23 4.3.3. QKD "2.0" ...................................................................................................................... 23 4.3.4. QKD networks ............................................................................................................... 23 4.3.5. Quantum information transmission and teleportation ................................................ 24 4.3.6. Quantum random number generators (RNGs) ............................................................. 25 4.3.7. Issues and challenges .................................................................................................... 25 4.3.8. Synopsis ......................................................................................................................... 27 4.4. Quantum sensors .................................................................................................................. 27 4.4.1. Inertial and gravitational ............................................................................................... 28 2 Final Version 14/02/2014 UNCONTROLLED DSTL/PUB75620 UK UNCLASSIFIED 4.4.1.1. Enhanced Sagnac effect ring gyros .......................................................................... 29 4.4.1.2. Sagnac matter wave interferometer ......................................................................... 29 4.4.1.3. Mach-Zender and Michelson BEC interferometers ................................................. 30 4.4.1.4. Atomic single ion clocks ............................................................................................ 30 4.4.1.5. Optical lattice ............................................................................................................ 31 4.4.2. Quantum enhanced imagers ......................................................................................... 31 4.4.2.1. LIDAR (LADAR) laser "radar" sensors ........................................................................ 31 4.4.2.2. Quantum ghost imaging ............................................................................................ 32 4.4.2.3. Quantum secured imaging ........................................................................................ 33 4.4.2.4. Quantum Zeno sensors (non interactive sensing) .................................................... 33 4.4.2.5. Optical nano-probes ................................................................................................. 33 4.4.3. Electromagnetic sensors ............................................................................................... 34 4.4.3.1. Electric field sensors ................................................................................................. 34 4.4.3.2. Magnetic field sensors .............................................................................................. 35 4.4.3.3. Quantum current standards ..................................................................................... 36 4.4.3.4. Imaging sensors for electric and magnetic fields ...................................................... 36 4.4.3.5. Nanoscale thermometry ........................................................................................... 37 4.4.3.6. Electromagnetic radiation sensors and signal detection .......................................... 37 4.4.3.7. Single photon detectors ............................................................................................ 38 4.4.4. Mechanical sensors ....................................................................................................... 39 4.4.5. Some other quantum enhanced systems ..................................................................... 40 4.4.5.1. Quantum fence ......................................................................................................... 40 4.4.5.2. Telescope baseline extension ................................................................................... 40 4.4.5.3. Ranging systems ........................................................................................................ 40 4.4.6. Issues and challenges .................................................................................................... 41 4.4.7. Synopsis ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.5. Quantum simulation and computing .................................................................................... 41 4.5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 42 4.5.2. Classical and quantum information .............................................................................. 42 4.5.3. Paradigms of quantum computing ............................................................................... 43 4.5.3.1. Circuit model quantum computers ........................................................................... 43 4.5.3.2. Measurement based quantum computing (MBQC) ................................................. 44 4.5.3.3. Topological quantum computers .............................................................................. 45 3 Final Version 14/02/2014 UNCONTROLLED DSTL/PUB75620 UK UNCLASSIFIED 4.5.3.4. Adiabatic quantum computers ................................................................................. 45 4.5.3.5. D-Wave ...................................................................................................................... 46 4.5.3.6. Boson sampling computers ....................................................................................... 47 4.5.3.7. "Analogue" quantum computers .............................................................................. 48 4.5.3.7.1. Continuous variable quantum computing ................................................................ 48 4.5.3.7.2. Optical lattices .......................................................................................................... 48 4.5.3.7.3. Atomic clocks ............................................................................................................ 49 4.5.3.7.4. Bose Einstein Condensate ......................................................................................... 49 4.5.4. Principal quantum computer technologies and UK strengths ...................................... 49 4.5.4.1. Ion traps .................................................................................................................... 49 4.5.4.2. Photonic quantum computing .................................................................................