Mycologia, 95(6), 2003, pp. 1171–1180. q 2003 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 New species of Psilocybe in the Caribbean, with an emendation of P. guilartensis Gasto´ n Guzma´n1 ocybe) scatigena Berk. & M.A. Curtis, while Earle Fidel Tapia (1906) described Stropharia (Psilocybe) cubensis Earle. Florencia Ramı´rez-Guille´n Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer is the most frequent­ Instituto de Ecologı´a, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, ly reported species in the Caribbean; it is known from Veracruz 91000, Mexico Cuba, Guadelupe, Martinique, Jamaica, Puerto Rico Timothy J. Baroni and Trinidad (Guzma´n et al 1998). The other known Caribbean species are P. caerulescens Murrill, P. copro­ Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, College at Cortland, Cortland, New York phila (Bull. ex Fr.) P. Kumm., P. fuliginosa (Murrill) 13045-0900 A. H. Sm., P. guilartensis Guzma´n, Tapia & Nieves- Rivera, P. lateritia (Murrill) A. H. Sm. (5 P. montana D. Jean Lodge (Pers. ex Fr.) P. Kumm.), P. mammillata (Murrill) A. Center for Forest Mycology Research, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773­ H. Sm., P. modesta (Peck) A. H. Sm. (5 P. phyllogena 1377 (Peck) Peck, P. pallidispora (Murrill) A. H. Sm., P. portoricensis Guzma´n, Nieves-Rivera & Tapia, P. sub­ Sharon A. Cantrell cubensis Guzma´n, P. venezuelana Dennis and P. yun­ Ciencia y Technologı´a, Universidad de Turabo, P.O. gensis Singer & A. H. Sm. (Murrill 1918; Seaver and Box 3030, Gurabo, Puerto Rico 00778 Chardon 1926; Dennis 1968, 1970; Stevenson 1975; Angel M. Nieves-Rivera Pegler 1983; Rodrı´guez-Gallart 1989; Navarro and Departamento de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Betancourt 1992; Guzma´n et al 1997, 1998; Minter et Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 5000, Mayagu¨ez, Puerto Rico al 2001) (TABLE I). All these species, except P. gui­ 00680 lartensis and P. portoricensis, were discussed by Guz- ma´n (1983). Smith (1948) provided information on P. fuliginosa and P. pallidispora from this region, and Abstract: Five new species of Psilocybe from the Ca­ Guzma´n (1986) analyzed the distribution of five spe­ ribbean are described: P. caribaea, P. egonii, P. subpsi­ cies in the Antilles. In addition to the species listed locybioides, P. zapotecoantillarum and P. zapotecocari­ above, Dennis (1970) reported an unidentified taxon baea. All except P. zapotecocaribaea, which is known from Trinidad. As part of a much larger study, we only from Martinique, are native to Puerto Rico. Psil­ report five new species of Psilocybe for the Caribbean ocybe guilartensis, previously described from Puerto and provide an emended species concept for P. gui­ Rico, is the most commonly collected species of Psil­ lartensis. ocybe in Puerto Rico. New information on morphol­ ogy is provided for P. guilartensis, and an emendation of the species circumscription is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS Key words: Agaricales, Antilles, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Strophariaceae Exploration in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Puerto Rico from 1994 to 2000 by Baroni, Lodge, Cantrell and Nieves-Rivera, in collaboration with colleagues and stu­ dents, provided material for this study. Colors of macro­ INTRODUCTION scopic features are based on Smithe (1975), with color names uppercase or based on Kornerup and Wanscher At least 15 species of Psilocybe were reported from the (1978) by color names with alphanumeric designations Caribbean region (TABLE I) before this study. The (e.g., yellowish brown 5D-E5-8). Lowercase color names oldest descriptions of what now are known as Psilo­ without alphanumeric designations are color ranges indi­ cybe species from the Caribbean region were from cated by the collectors in field notes or in published man­ Cuba. Berkeley and Curtis (1868) reported Agaricus uscripts (e.g., Pegler 1983). Microscopic sections were (Psilocybe) plutonius Berk. & M.A. Curtis and A. (Psil- mounted in 5% aqueous KOH, Meltzer’s reagent and/or Congo Red and ammonia solution. Basidiospore measure­ Accepted for publication May 8, 2003. ments include length and width of spores in face view and 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] maximum depth of spores in profile view. 1171 1172 MYCOLOGIA TABLE I. Species of Psilocybe previously reported from the shiny or dull, silky, covered with fibrillose appressed Caribbean region (only the oldest reference is cited). Those white fibrils toward the base, texture tough-cartilagi- names in boldface are recognized species for the Caribbean nous or subwoody, with rhizomorphs at the base, in­ P. caerulescens (Pegler 1983) (5 P. caribaea) serted up to ¼ of the total length. Context both in P. coprophila (Dennis 1970) pileus and stipe whitish, or reddish-brown in the base P. cubensis (Earle 1906) of the stipe. All parts except lamellae strongly caeru­ P. fuliginosa (Murrill 1918) lescent when cut or touched. Odor and taste farina­ P. guilartensis (Guzma´n et al 1997) ceous. Spore print Dark Violaceous Brown. P. lateritia (Murrill 1918) (5 P. montana) Spores (6–)6.5–7.5(–8) 3 5–5.5(–6.5) 3 4.5–5 mm P. mammillata (Murrill 1918) (Q 5 1.25), subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid P. modesta (Minter et al 2001) (5 P. phyllogena) in side view, thick-walled, walls up to 1 mm thick, yel- P. pallidispora (Murrill, 1918) lowish-brown, with a broad germ pore. Basidia P. plutonia (Berkeley and Curtis 1868) (16–)20–25(–28) 3 5–6(–7) mm, 4-sterigmate, hya­ P. portoricensis (Guzma´n et al 1997) P. scatigena (Berkeley and Curtis 1868) line, vesiculose, with a median constriction. Pleuro­ P. subcubensis (Navarro and Betancourt 1992) cystidia (9.5–)12–17(–20) 3 (3.5–)5–8(–12) mm, hy­ P. venezuelana (Pegler 1983) aline, subventricose, subfusoid or subcylindric-monil- P. yungensis (Pegler 1983) (5 P. zapotecocaribaea) iform, with an acute apex or short neck. Cheilocystidia (16–)18–30(–37) 3 (4–)5–8(–9.5) mm, hyaline, sub- ventricose, irregularly branched, with an acute apex NEW SPECIES or with a short neck. Subhymenium very thin, subcel­ lular, with hyaline to yellowish elements, 3–6(–8) mm Psilocybe caribaea Guzma´n, T. J. Baroni & Tapia, sp. wide, finely encrusted. Hymenophoral trama regular, nov. FIGS. 1–5 most hyphae hyaline, cylindrical or with some ele­ [Pileus (17–)35–60(–70) mm diam., convexus vel plano­ ments inflated, 3–24 mm wide, with fine, inconspic­ umbonatus, mammillato-papillatus, laevis, ochraceus vel ob­ uous encrustations. Pileipellis a subgelatinized layer scure rubello-brunneus, praecipue ad umbonem badius vel obscure cinereo-brunneus, hygrophanus vel pallide griseo­ 8–40 mm thick, composed of repent, hyaline hyphae, luteolus. Lamellae sinuatae, pallide brunneae vel violaceo­ 2.5–7 mm diam, pileocystidia 25–43 3 6–8 mm occa­ brunneolae. Stipes (20–)80–130(–175) 3 3–6(–8) mm, bul­ sional, prostrate or erect. Hypodermium with both hy­ bosus, albescens vel pallide brunneolus vel luteolo-brun- aline cylindrical hyphae and subglobose elements, 2– neus, fibrillis appressis bis obtectus. Omnes partes caerules­ 15 mm wide, with encrusted walls. Context composed centes. Odor atque sapor farinaceus. Sporae (6–)6.5–7.5(– of hyaline or yellowish hyphae, some inflated and be­ 8) 3 5–5.5(–6.5) 3 4.5–5 mm, in aspectu frontali coming subglobose, 3–24 mm wide, thin or thick- subrhomboideae, in obliquo subellipsoideae, crassitunica­ walled, up to 1 mm thick. Clamp connections common. tae, luteolo-brunneae. Pleurocystidia (9.5–)12–17(–20) 3 Habitat and distribution. Gregarious or caespitose m (3.5–)5–8(–12) m, hyalina, subventricosa, subfusoidea vel on rich organic or sandy soil, mixed with decaying subcylindrico-moniliformia, in apice acuta vel colo brevi plant debris, in tropical and subtropical forests. praedita. Cheilocystidia (16–)18–30(–37) 3 (4–)5–8(–9.5) mm, hyalina, subventricosa, irregulariter ramosa, in apice Known only from Puerto Rico. acuta vel colo brevi praedita. Pileipellis hyphis subgelatinosis Material examined. PUERTO RICO, Mun. Nagua­ repentibus vel interdum pileocystidiis praedita. Psilocybae bo, Luquillo Mountains, trail from Rı´o Icacos to Rı´o subtropicali affinis sed typis pleurocystidiorum atque cheil­ Prieto Dam, 4 Oct 1999, Laboy (PR-5772) (CFMR). ocystidiorum differt. HOLOTY PUS Baroni 7971 CORT.] Tradewinds Trail, 25 Jun 1995, Lodge, Barley & Wun­ Pileus (17–)35–60(–70) mm diam, convex-umbo- derle (PR-2669) (CFMR); Lodge, Barley & Wunderle nate becoming plane with a mammillate-papillate (PR-2671) (CFMR). Mun. Rı´o Grande, Caribbean Na­ umbo, smooth, lubricous; margin even, translucent- tional Forest, El Yunque, Caimitillo Trail, 29 Jun striate or slightly sulcate-striate, yellowish brown (5D- 1996, Baroni 7971 (HOLOTY PE CORT; ISOTY PE E5-8) to dark reddish brown (8E-F5-6), chocolate XAL). Mun. Rı´o Grande, Luquillo Mountains., La brown (6F4) or Verona Brown, or dark grayish brown Mina Recreation Area, Mount Britton Trail, 23 May (5D-F3) mainly on the umbo, hygrophanous, chang­ 2000, Cantrell & Salgado, ledger Cantrell PR-0022 ing to beige or pale brownish-yellow. Lamellae sinu­ (PR-6170) (UPRRP). MARTINIQUE, Valle´e du Lor­ ate, pale brown or violaceous brown (11F4-6), margin rain, Nov 1974, Fiard 87 (K(M): 84377); 4 Jun 1975, even or somewhat fimbriate, pallid or concolorous. Fiard 87C (K(M): 84376). Between Gran Riniere and Stipe (20–)80–130(–175) 3 3–6(–8) mm, hollow, Anse Ceron, 17 Jan 1982, Fiard 1503 (K(M): 84375). equal with a bulbous base, sordid white, becoming Discussion. Pegler (1983) considered collections pale brown or yellowish brown (5D-E5-8) or reddish of this species from Martinique to be P. caerulescens. brown (8E5-7) or fuscous reddish toward the apex, However, even though P. caerulescens is a member of GUZMA´ NET AL:CARIBBEAN PSILOCYBE 1173 FIGS. 1–16. Microscopic characters of Psilocybe species. Figs. 1–5.