USENIX Association Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2004 USENIX Annual Technical Conference Boston, MA, USA June 27–July 2, 2004 © 2004 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved For more information about the USENIX Association: Phone: 1 510 528 8649 FAX: 1 510 548 5738 Email: [email protected] WWW: http://www.usenix.org Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. Towards Carrier Grade Linux Platforms Ibrahim Haddad Ericsson Research 8400 Decarie Blvd, Montreal Quebec H4P 2N2, Canada [email protected] Abstract Traditionally, communications and data service networks were built on proprietary platforms that had to meet very specific availability, reliability, performance, and service response time requirements. Today, communications ser- vice providers are challenged to meet their needs cost-effectively for new architectures, new services, and increased bandwidth, with highly available, scalable, secure, and reliable systems that have predictable performance and that are easy to maintain and upgrade. This paper presents the technological trend of migrating from proprietary to open platforms based on software and hardware building blocks. The paper focuses on the ongoing work by the Carrier Grade Linux (CGL) working group at the Open Source Development Labs, examines the CGL architecture, the re- quirements from the latest specification release, and presents some of the needed kernel features that are not cur- rently supported on Linux. 1. Open, standardized, and modular plat- tems, expensive to develop, and often lacking support forms of the current and upcoming standards. Using such closed platforms to meet tomorrow’s requirements for The demand for rich media and enhanced communica- new architectures and services is almost impossible. A tions services is rapidly leading to significant changes uniform, open software environment with the character- in the communications industry such as the conver- istics demanded by telecom applications, combined gence of data and voice technologies. The transition to with commercial off-the-shelf software and hardware packet-based, converged, multi-service IP networks components is a necessary part of these new architec- require a carrier grade infrastructure based on interop- tures. erable hardware and software building blocks, man- agement middleware and applications, implemented Three key industry consortia are defining hardware and with standard interfaces. software high availability specifications that are di- rectly related to telecom platforms: The communications industry is witnessing a technol- ogy trend moving away from proprietary systems to- - The PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group ward open and standardized systems, built using modu- [1] (PICMG) defines standards for high availability lar and flexible hardware and software (operating sys- (HA) hardware. tem and middleware) common off the shelf components. The trend is to proceed forward delivering - The Open Source Development Labs [2] (OSDL) next generation and multimedia communication ser- Carrier Grade Linux [3] (CGL) working group was vices, using open standard carrier grade platforms. This established in January 2002 with the goal of en- trend is motivated by the expectations that open plat- hancing the Linux operating system, to achieve an forms are going to reduce the cost and risks of develop- Open Source platform that is highly available, se- ing and delivering rich communications services; they cure, scalable and easily maintained, suitable for will enable faster time to market and ensure portability carrier grade systems. and interoperability between various components from different providers. - The Service Availability Forum [4] (SA Forum) defines the interfaces of HA middleware and fo- One frequently asked question is: How can we meet cusing on APIs for hardware platform management tomorrow’s requirements using existing infrastructures and for application failover in the application API. and technologies? Proprietary platforms are closed sys- SA compliant middleware will provide services to an application that needs to be HA in a portable - Vendor independent: With Linux, you no longer way. have to be locked into a specific vendor. Linux is supported on multiple platforms. Proprietary Standards-Based - High innovation rate: New features are usually Network Element Network Element implemented on Linux before they are available on Proprietary Applications Proprietary Applications commercial or proprietary systems. Application Interface SAF Standard Proprietary HA Middleware HA Middleware Interfaces Hardware Interface Proprietary Real-time Carrier Grade Operating System Linux Standard Carrier Grade Operating System Proprietary Hardware PICMG ATCA Standard HA Hardware Figure 1: From Proprietary to Open Solutions The operating system is a core component in such ar- chitectures. In the remaining of this paper, we will be focusing on CGL, its architecture and specifications. 2. The term Carrier Grade Figure 2: Open development process of the Linux In this paper, we refer to the term Carrier Grade on kernel many occasions. Carrier grade is a term for public net- work telecommunications products that require a reli- Other contributing factors include Linux’ support for a ability percentage up to 5 or 6 nines of uptime. broad range of processors and peripherals, commercial 5 nines of uptime refer to 99.999% of uptime (i.e. 5 support availability, high performance networking, and minutes of downtime per year). This level of availabil- the proven record of being a stable, and reliable server ity is usually associated with Carrier Grade servers. platform. 6 nines of uptime refer to 99.9999% of uptime (i.e. 30 seconds of downtime per year). This level of availabil- 4. Carrier Grade Linux ity is usually associated with Carrier Grade switches. The Linux kernel is missing several features that are 3. Linux versus proprietary operating sys- needed in a telecom environment, and it is not adapted tems to meet telecom requirements in various areas such as reliability, security, and scalability. To help the ad- This section describes briefly the motivating reasons in vancement of Linux in the telecom space, OSDL estab- favor of using Linux on Carrier Grade systems, versus lished the CGL working group. The group specifies and continuing with proprietary operating systems. These help implement an Open Source platform targeted for motivations include: the communication industry that is highly available, - Cost: Linux is available free of charge in the form secure, scalable and easily maintained, suitable for of a downloadable package from the Internet. carrier grade systems. - Source code availability: With Linux, you gain full The CGL working group is composed of several mem- access to the source code allowing you to tailor the bers from network equipment providers, system inte- kernel to your needs. grators, platform providers, and Linux distributors, all - Open development process (Figure 2): The devel- of them contributing to the requirement definition of opment process of the kernel is open to anyone to Carrier Grade Linux, helping Open Source projects to participate and contribute. The process is based on meet these requirements, and in some cases starting the concept of “release early, release often.” new Open Source projects. Many of the CGL members - Peer review and testing resources: With access to companies have contributed pieces of technologies to the source code, people using a wide variety of Open Source in order to make the Linux Kernel a more platform, operating systems, and compiler combi- viable option for telecom platforms. For instance, the nations; can compile, link, and run the code on Open Systems Lab [5] from Ericsson Research has con- their systems to test for portability, compatibility tributed three key technologies: the Transparent IPC and bugs. [6], the Asynchronous Event Mechanism [7], and the Distributed Security Infrastructure [8]. In a different direction, there are already Linux distributions, Mon- information (such as personal preferences includ- taVista [10] for instance, that are providing CGL distri- ing features the customer is authorized to use). bution based on the CGL requirement definitions. Typically, management applications are data and Many companies are also either deploying CGL, or at communication intensive. Their response time re- least evaluating and experimenting with it. quirements are less stringent by several orders of magnitude, compared to those of signaling and Consequently, CGL activities are giving much momen- gateway applications. tum for Linux in the telecom space allowing it to be a viable option to proprietary operating system. Member 6. Overview of the CGL working group companies of CGL are releasing code to Open Source and making some of their proprietary technologies open, going forward from closed platforms to open The CGL working group has the vision that next- platforms that use CGL. generation and multimedia communication services can be delivered using Linux based open standards plat- forms for carrier grade infrastructure equipment. To 5. Target CGL applications achieve this vision, the working group has setup a strat- egy to define the requirements and architecture for the The CGL Working Group has