Ethnic Minority Development Plan Project No.: 43049 July 2013 People’s Republic of China: Comprehensive Agricultural Development Project For Dunhua City, Jilin Province Prepared by the Agricultural Development Office of Dunhua City, Jilin and the Dunhua City Ethnic and Religious Affairs Bureau for the State Office for Comprehensive Agricultural Development and the Asian Development Bank. This ethnic minority development plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Comprehensive Agricultural Infrastructure Development Project with Loan from ADB Ethnic Minority Development Plan of Dunhua City Project Construction Unit: Comprehensive Agricultural Development Office of Dunhua City Project Compilation Unit: Dunhua City Ethnic and Religious Affairs Bureau Project Compilation Date: July 6th, 2013 Catalogue 1．Introduction The Ethnic Minority Development Plan is compiled to guarantee that every relevant ethnic minority community and individual in the Comprehensive Agricultural Development Subproject Area in Dunhua City can equally share the project benefits and mitigation measures. The Comprehensive Agricultural Development Subproject Area in Dunhua City is a part of the Comprehensive Agricultural Infrastructure Development Project with Loan from ADB in China (including five provinces and one autonomous region, namely, Jilin, Yunnan, Heilongjian, Ningxia, Anhui and Henan) The Ethnic Minority Development Plan is compiled in accordance to the Social Development and Poverty Assessment Report conducted by the technical assistance team of ADB and after consultation with ethnic minority groups in the project area as well as local and provincial government. The Comprehensive Agricultural Infrastructure Development Project with Loan from ADB involves 69 counties (cities) in five provinces and one autonomous region. On the basis of a survey of the social development and poverty status of the ethnic minority groups in Dunhua City and the project area, appropriate provisions have been added into the project design to improve the economic conditions of local ethnic minority groups. The Ethnic Minority Development Plan also includes detail provisions on mitigation measures to ensure that the ethnic minority groups under negative impacts will also benefit from the project. Current government policy and plan on ethnic minority will also help to protect and improve the benefits of ethnic minority groups. The targeted groups of this ethnic minority development plan are Manchu, Korean and some other nationalities in the project area, which consist of 0.67% of the total ethnic minority population of Dunhua City. 2. PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.1 Project Description Food security has always been considered as an important policy issue in China. It is generally accepted that major grain production areas should provide more grain supply to meet the increasing need of urban areas. Meanwhile areas with grain supply-demand balance should also increase their grain productivity to reinforce food security. The Comprehensive Agricultural Development Project with Loan ADB makes use of the loans from the Asian Development Bank focusing on recovering and improving the water conservancy infrastructure of the medium-and low-yield fields in the five provinces and one autonomous region. Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, and Anhui are four provinces with the most abundant grain supplies in China, whose aggregate grain-production area and grain output in 2008 accounted for 29.5% and 29.2% in those figures of China respectively. Jilin and Yunnan are grain-balanced areas and need to keep and increase grain production, which can help them avoid becoming “grain deficit” area. According to the selection conditions of project areas, for instance: listed agricultural comprehensive development county (city); large area of contiguous lands suitable for sustainable cultivation of agricultural base; plenty of irrigation water; strong support from local government, etc., 69 counties (cities) (cities and district farms) in the five provinces and one autonomous region are selected as the project counties (cities) using loan from ADB. Currently, irrigation systems in most of the project areas fall into disrepair or have not reached the level for field utilization. Moreover, compared with neighboring areas, lands in these areas belong to the category of medium- and low-yield field, and their road conditions are bad. The project areas in the project counties (cities) are comparatively poor. Compared with 6,150 RMB¥ of annual per-capita income in the project area, the per-capita income in the project area is 94% of the income of project county (city) which is 6.153 RMB¥. The project includes three major components: (1) improvement of irrigation infrastructure (2) strengthening irrigation farming (3) strengthening project management. With these output, the project is expected to benefit 1,200,000 people and 98,350 hectares of lands in 69 counties (cities) in the five provinces and one autonomous region. The Comprehensive Agricultural Development Subproject Area in Dunhua City covers 1 town and 4 villages with an area of 81,900mu, including arable area of 32,600mu, among which, medium-and low-yield agricultural land is 20,000mu and the high-yield is 12,600 mu. 5,050 people in 4 villages will be benefited from various measures, including improvement of irrigation system and country road, implementation of tillage improvement measures and strengthening maintenance of facilities and engagement in green agriculture and pollution-free agricultural production. 2.2 Ethnic Minority Population in Province/County (City) Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture is the only Korean Autonomous Prefecture and is the largest area inhabited by Korean nationality in China. The population of prefecture is 2,170,000 and the population of Korean nationality is 680,000. The population of Dunhua City where project area is located is 480,000, among which, 36,000 are ethnic minorities, accounting for 7.5% of the total population of the whole city. The composition of ethnic minorities includes Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and other ethnic minorities, among which, the population of Korean nationality is 23,000, accounting for 4.8% of the total population of the whole city, the population of Manchu nationality is 9,300, accounting for 2% of the total population of the whole city, and population of other ethnic minorities is nearly 3,000, accounting for 0.6% of the total population of the whole city. Form 2-1: Population of ethnic minority in Dunhua Project Area percentag e of Total per Rural Arable Population ethnic populatio capita residents land of ethnic minority Project county(city)/city n arable (thousan (hectare minority in the (thousan land(mu d) s) (thousand) total d) ) populatio n Dunhua City 483 216 152000 36 7.5 4.72 Percentage of total population of the project area in the total population of Dunhua City 1 2.3 1.4 0.6 6.46 2.3 Legal and Policy Framework 2.3.1 National Laws and Regulations on Ethnic Minority People’s Republic and China has implemented national equality policy since 1949. The constitution and laws stipulate equality in all nationalities. Due to the backward social and economic conditions of ethnic minority, the government took a series of policy to attach importance to ethnic minority groups and help them “catch up with” the mainstream group. To implement this policy, the government first defined ethnic minority, calculated its population and mapped its region. In its national policy after 1949, People’s Republic of China gave a precise definition to nationality mainly in terms of language, living area, economic foundation and tradition/culture. According to this definition, Han dominates all Chinese nationalities. Although some ethnic minorities have been assimilated by Han language and culture—but they are still considered as ethnic minorities. Since 1949, there has been a trend that the ethnic minority with a considerably tiny population is gradually integrating into the officially-defined ethnic minority groups. The constitution of 1954 stipulated the ethnic minority regional autonomy i mechanism in detail. In the constitution of 1974, their financial independence and some other rights were curtailed. Part of these rights were restored in the constitution of 1978, and extended by the State Council (in 1980) and the national law of 1984. From the early 1980s, the government of the autonomous region was able to make its own economic decision, including the decisions on what to produce, the allocation range of government subsidies, drawing up guidelines, educational planning and budget. In 1982, the State Council made the one-child policy, and advocated a more flexible family planning policy for the ethnic minorities. Ethnic minority regions obtain exclusively relief fund, loans, subsidies and tax break, including a lower grain tax to promote economic development. Ethnic minorities gain extra points in university enrollment and have the advantage in the competition with Han nationality. Of the 8 ethnic minority provinces (Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai and 5 ethnic minority