Integrated Pest Disease and Weed Management manual for Australian Apple and Pears Disclaimer: Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (Hort Innovation) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in this Manual. Users of this Manual should take independent action to confirm any information in this Manual before relying on that information in any way. Reliance on any information provided by Hort Innovation is entirely at your own risk. Hort Innovation is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from Hort Innovation or any other person’s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of the Final Report or from reliance on information contained in the Manual or that Hort Innovation provides to you by any other means. Funding statement: Levy funds – R&D projects This Manual is an output of project AP16007 “An Integrated Pest, Disease and Weed Management Program for the Australian Apple and Pear Industry” funded by Hort Innovation, using the Apple and Pear industry research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government. Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture. Additional funding, not managed by Hort Innovation, was provided by the Victorian Government through the Agriculture Victoria group in the Department of Jobs Precincts and Regions; the New South Wales Government through the Department of Primary Industries; the Queensland Government through the Department of Agriculture Food and Fisheries; the Western Australian Government through the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development; and the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture within the University of Tasmania. Edition information: This is the second edition of the manual, the first having been produced as “Integrated Pest Management for Australian Apples & Pears” in 2009 by Shane Hetherington and edited by Ann Munroe on behalf of Apple and Pear Australia Ltd. Many of the photographs and images from that edition have been retained in this second edition. Additional photographs were sourced from Plant Health Australia, NSW DPI, TIA, WA DPIRD, Agriculture Victoria, and private individuals with acknowledgement embedded with the image. This edition was prepared by David Williams1 and Oscar Villalta1 with contributions by Stephen Quarrell2, Kevin Dodds3, Paul James4, Alison Mathews5 and Stewart Learmonth5. Jennifer Sexton1 undertook the mammoth task of correcting formatting and other errors. 1 Agriculture Victoria; 2 TIA; 3 NSW DPI; 4 Lenswood Cooperative, 5 DPIRD WA Publishing details: Published and distributed by: Hort Innovation Level 8 1 Chifley Square Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 8295 2300 www.horticulture.com.au © Copyright 2017 Horticulture Innovation Australia Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 2 Supported by and Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions 3 Table of Contents About this manual ................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: Introduction to IPDM ............................................................................................................ 9 IPDM quick facts........................................................................................................................... 9 What is IPDM? ........................................................................................................................... 10 Making the decision to use IPDM requires personal choices ....................................................... 13 Developing a strategy to transition to IPDM ................................................................................. 15 Some IPDM terms defined .......................................................................................................... 16 Chapter 2: Developing an IPDM Plan .................................................................................................. 19 IPDM Quick Facts ....................................................................................................................... 19 Step 1: Prevention ...................................................................................................................... 21 Step 2: Prepare land for planting ................................................................................................. 26 Step 3: Planting and establishment ............................................................................................. 29 Step 4: Pest and disease management plan ............................................................................... 34 Example Action Plan in SMEACS format .................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3: Key pests and diseases, their activity periods, and monitoring methods ............................. 39 IPDM Quick Facts ....................................................................................................................... 39 Key pests ................................................................................................................................... 41 Pest and Disease Monitoring methods for apple and pear orchards ............................................ 44 Chapter 4: Biosecurity and potential incursions of new pests ............................................................... 50 IPDM quick facts......................................................................................................................... 50 Background ................................................................................................................................ 51 Apple brown rot Monilinia fructigena ........................................................................................... 54 Apple maggot Rhagolletis pomonella .......................................................................................... 55 Apple proliferation....................................................................................................................... 57 Asian gypsy moth Lymantria dispar............................................................................................. 58 Black stem blight ........................................................................................................................ 60 4 Brown headed leaf roller (BHLR) complex................................................................................... 61 Brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys........................................................................ 63 Cedar apple rust Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae............................................................. 65 European canker Neonectria ditissima (syn N.galligena) ............................................................. 67 Fire blight ................................................................................................................................... 70 Green headed leaf rollers (GHLR) Planotortrix excessana and P. octo ........................................ 71 Oblique banded leaf roller (OBLR) Choristoneura rosaceana ...................................................... 72 Omnivorous leaf roller Platynota sultana ..................................................................................... 74 Orange tortrix Argyrotaenia citrana ............................................................................................. 76 Oriental fruit fly Complex............................................................................................................. 78 Pear fruit moth Acrobasis pyrivorella ........................................................................................... 80 Pear psylla Cacopsylla pyricola................................................................................................... 81 Plum curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar ....................................................................................... 83 Rosy apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea ...................................................................................... 85 Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) Drosophila suzukii ..................................................................... 87 Chapter 5: Integrated weed management ............................................................................................ 89 Quick Facts for on-farm weed management ................................................................................ 89 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 91 Weed Management .................................................................................................................... 92 Chapter 6: Pesticides and the Australian Apple and Pear Industry ..................................................... 100 IPDM quick facts....................................................................................................................... 100 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 101 Resistance management .........................................................................................................