Trade Unions and the Origins of the Union-Based Welfare State in Italy (1950s-1970s) Stefano Agnoletto 1. A Union-Based Welfare State During the second half of the twentieth century, Italy, like many other European countries, experienced the birth and growth of a specific kind of welfare state. It was the consequence of various international influences in the context of the Cold War as well as the result of controversial actions of different internal actors. The purpose of this article is to explore the actions of some of these internal actors and their consequences for the definition of the Italian welfare state. Specifically, the object of this essay is to identify the role played by trade unions in defining the Italian model of state social policy in the period following World War II. This essay proposes an interpretation which identifies trade unions as main actors in the consolidation, albeit difficult and slow, of the welfare system in Italy. Consequently, this enquiry into the “Italian way” also discusses some traditional explanations and classifications proposed in the literature about the welfare state, welfare regimes, and the welfare society. This essay introduces the concept of a “Union Based Welfare State” in order to describe the Italian experience and as a descriptive category useful for comparative analyses generally. In this framework, this article tries to answer some historiographical questions concerning the “Italian case,” which, from a comparative perspective, are interesting for other national experiences as well. What was the role of the trade union movement in building the welfare system in the second half of the twentieth century? To what political and economic cultures did trade unions refer? What needs did they set out to fulfill? What notions of society did they express? What relationships did they create with the other players (parties, public agencies, enterprises, etc.), and what acknowledgement did they get from them? Which relationships were defined within a pluralistic trade union movement? What was the effective influence of trade unions on the implementation of assistance, social security and health reform? In general, what was the impact of trade union ideas on the model of the welfare state that was built in Italy after World War II? Moreover, can Italian trade unions be considered a pillar of the Italian welfare state and/or welfare community? Finally and more theoretically, does a new evaluation of the role of trade unions change the traditional understanding of the Italian welfare state regime? This article considers the period from the end of World War II to the 1970s in order to look deeply into the origins of the debate about the welfare system and its practical implementation in the post-Fascist Italian Republic. For the first years of this historical phase, we cannot describe the Italian case as falling within the “universal welfare state” category. In fact, the postwar Italian model of assistance and social security was inherited from the Fascist regime 1 and may be defined as “corporative and authoritarian.”1 During the 1950s, the Fascist legacy was translated into a corporate-clientelistic and patriarchal-familist welfare state.2 Although this model was not conspicuously altered during the first fifteen years after the war, this period provided the basis for future choices. In particular, Italian reality was affected by the Beveridge model. Its universal welfare state principles were iterated in the new democratic Constitution issued in 1948, even if they were not practically implemented in new regulations.3 During those years, the question of a new welfare state model was at the heart of the political and cultural debate in which trade union organizations were main actors. Only in the 1960s and 1970s did the results of this debate become important for regulation. In those decades, the discussion of whether the Italian case fell within the “universal welfare state” category began.4 The discussion of this representation’s acceptability is one objective of this paper. Following this working hypothesis, this article assesses one particular aspect of the complex framework of the Italian trade union experience after World War II. It offers a reconstruction of the debate and actions regarding the welfare state questions that feature the two most important Italian trade unions, the Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (Italian General Council of Labor) (CGIL) and the Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori (Italian Confederation of Workers’ Unions) (CISL). Formed in 1906, CGIL is the largest Italian trade union. From the beginning, its history was characterized by a class-oriented culture and organization. Unlike the tradition of English trade-unionism, the centrality of the confederation took precedence over the role of individual federations of trade. Additionally, another original feature of CGIL was its close relationship with the Socialist Party.5 After World War II it became a leftist trade union confederation with close links to the Italian Communist Party; but, it also maintained significant autonomy.6 Formed in 1950, the trade union organization CISL was the result of the unification between Roman Catholic trade unions, organized in 1948 as the Libera Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (the Free CGIL) (LCGIL), and some minority trade union organizations of the social democratic tradition, in particular the Federazione Italiana del Lavoro (Italian Federation of Labor) (FIL), constituted in 1949.7 The birth of CISL was also a consequence of the Cold War’s effect on the Italian trade union movement and the defeat of the hypothesis of a united trade unions council with CGIL.8 CISL was a unique organization that 1 Gianni Silei, Welfare State e socialdemocrazia (Bari and Rome: Piero Lacaita Editore, 2000). 2 Ugo Ascoli, “Il modello storico del Welfare State italiano,” Cittadinanza. Individui, diritti sociali,collettività nella storia contemporanea, edited by Carlotta Sorba (Rome: Pubblicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, 1999), 215-224; Chiara Giorgi, La previdenza del regime. Storia dell’Inps durante il fascismo (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2009); Silei, Welfare State e socialdemocrazia; Francesco Villa, Lezioni di politica sociale (Milan: Vita e Pensiero, 2003). 3 Giuseppe Casadio, I diritti sociali e del lavoro nella Costituzione italiana (Rome: Ediesse, 2007); Andrea Salini, “L’ordinamento dell’assistenza nei lavori dell’assemblea Costituente,” Bollettino dell’Archivio per la Storia del Movimento Sociale Cattolico in Italia, n. 2 (2003): 241-266; Loreto Di Nucci, “Alle origini dello stato sociale nell’Italia repubblicana. La ricezione del piano Beveridge e il dibattito alla Costituente,” in Sorba, Cittadinanza; Ascoli, “Il modello storico del Welfare State italiano.” 4 Ascoli, “Il modello storico del Welfare State italiano.” 5 Adolfo Pepe, Il Sindacato nell’Italia del novecento (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 1996). 6 Adolfo Pepe, Storia del sindacato in Italia nel ’900, vol. 3, La CGIL e la costruzione della democrazia (Rome: Ediesse, 2001); Adolfo Pepe, Pasquale Iuso, and Fabrizio Loreto, La CGIL e il Novecento italiano. Un secolo di lotte, di passioni, di proposte per i diritti e la dignità del lavoro (Rome: Ediesse, 2003). 7 Vincenzo Saba and Giampiero Bianchi, ed., La nascita della CISL, 1948-1951 (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1990). 8 Federico Romero, Gli Stati Uniti e il Sindacalismo europeo (1945-1951) (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1989). 2 synthesized different traditions and cultures, such as Christian social and Christian labor cultures, as well as the various currents of the limited but lively universe of Italian social democracy. It has represented a significant alternative to the class-based tradition of Italian trade unionism.9 In the essay, a description of the actions of the Istituto Nazionale di Assistenza Sociale (National Institute of Social Assistance) (INAS) and Istituto Nazionale Confederale di Assistenza (Confederated National Institute of Assistance) (INCA) also assists in the investigation of CISL and CGIL’s roles in the welfare state. INAS and INCA are the Patronati (trade union aid societies) of the CISL and CGIL and the tools by which trade unions deal with daily assistance and social security issues. The Patronato offers free-of-charge assistance to workers in regards to pensions, industrial accidents, litigation, and so on. This is funded with state resources. The trade union Patronato is an original Italian phenomenon, a peculiar institution wherein the distinction between public and private is poorly defined, its trade union identity overlapping its public utility function.10 From a broader historical perspective, the Patronato is also a symbol of the Italian welfare state model as a whole, which has, since the 1950s, been characterized by intermediate combinations of state intervention, privatization, and a lack of protection. To summarize, the final goal of this essay is to show how the Italian welfare state experience represents, in the European postwar context, an original “union way” which questions traditional descriptions of the Italian welfare state. In particular, it challenges the description of Italian social policy that uses only the categories of clientelism and familism and instead highlights elements of discontinuity and the central role of trade unions in social policy implementation. Furthermore, this article focuses on a trade unionist approach to welfare state issues that highlight the “pan-syndicalism attitude” that has