58 Development of Gymnasia and Graeco- Roman Cityscapes Ulrich Mania Monika Trümper (eds.) BERLIN STUDIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD was one of the key monuments for the formation of urban space and identity in Greek culture, and its transformation was closely interlinked with changing concepts of cityscaping. Knowledge as well as transfer of knowledge, ideas and concepts were crucial for the spread and long-lasting importance of gymnasia within and beyond the Greek and Roman world. The contributions investigate the relationship between gymnasia and cityscapes in the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial period as well as in the eastern and western Mediterranean, revealing chronological (dis)conti- nuities and geographical (dis)similarities. The focus in the much-neglected west is on Sicily and South Italy (Akrai, Cuma, Herculaneum, Megara Hyblaea, Morgantina, Neaiton, Pompeii, Segesta, Syracuse), while many major sites with gymnasia from the entire eastern Mediterranean are included (Athens, Eretria, Olympia, Pergamon, Rhodes). Central topics comprise the critical reevaluation of specifi c sites and building types, the discussion of recent fi eldwork, the assessment of sculptural decora- tion, and new insights about the gymnasiarchy and ruler cult in gymnasia. berlin studies of 58 the ancient world berlin studies of the ancient world · 58 edited by topoi excellence cluster Development of Gymnasia and Graeco-Roman Cityscapes edited by Ulrich Mania and Monika Trümper Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2018 Edition Topoi / Exzellenzcluster Topoi der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Cover image: Doryphoros (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, inv. no. 6011; photo: D-DAI-ROM-69.634); Pompeii, Palaestra Sannitica, reconstructed section (Francois Mazois, Les ruines de Pompei III, Paris: Didot 1829, pl. XI fig. 1). Typographic concept and cover design: Stephan Fiedler Printed and distributed by PRO BUSINESS digital printing Deutschland GmbH, Berlin ISBN 978-3-9819685-0-7 ISSN (Print) 2366-6641 ISSN (Online) 2366-665X DOI 10.17171/3-58 First published 2018 Published under Creative Commons Licence CC BY-NC 3.0 DE. For the terms of use of third party content, please see the reference lists. www.edition-topoi.org CONTENTS ulrich mania, monika trümper Development of Gymnasia and Graeco-Roman Cityscapes — 7 oriana silia cannistraci, riccardo olivito A Gymnasion at Segesta? A Review of the Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence — 15 I GYMNASIA IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN monika trümper Gymnasia in Eastern Sicily of the Hellenistic and Roman Period — 43 alessandra avagliano, riccardo montalbano Greek Gymnasia for Non-Greek People. Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence in Pre-Roman Italy — 75 monika trümper Gymnasium, Palaestra, Campus and Bathing in Late Hellenistic Pompeii: A Reassessment of the Urban Context of the Republican Baths (VIII 5, 36) — 87 rebecca henzel, monika trümper Crowded or Empty Spaces? The Statuary Decoration of the ‘Palaestrae’ in Pompeii and Herculaneum — 115 burkhard emme The Emergence and Significance of the Palaestra Type in Greek Architecture — 143 II GYMNASIA IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN guy ackermann, karl reber New Research on the Gymnasium of Eretria — 161 ulrich mania Gymnasial Buildings and Sanctuaries. A Contribution to the Formation of the Palaestra and an Interpretation of the So-Called ‘Echo Stoa’ — 181 ada caruso A New Athenian Gymnasium from the 4th Century BC? — 197 riccardo di cesare Hellenistic Gymnasia in the Heart of Athens: Change and Continuity — 215 natalia kazakidi The Posthumous Depiction of Youths in Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Gymnasia — 237 ralf von den hoff Ruler Portraits and Ruler Cult in the Pergamon Gymnasion — 253 daniel kah The Gymnasiarchia from the Hellenistic Age to the Roman Empire: the Example of Rhodes — 273 marco vitale Interpreting the Plural ‘Gymnasia’ within the Context of Ruler Cult: Buildings or Festivals? — 301 Ulrich Mania, Monika Trümper Development of Gymnasia and Graeco-Roman Cityscapes 1 Introduction sembled Greek gymnasia and included palaestra(e), run- ning tracks and bathing facilities. Therefore, the project This publication is based on an international Topoi con- is much concerned with the significance of Greek gym- ference that was held in Berlin from the 4nd to 6nd nasia or, more generally, sports facilities in different cul- February 2016 and emerged from the research group C- tural (Samnite, Roman) contexts.3 This, in turn, sparked 6 on Cityscaping, notably the project C-6-8 on Bathing interest in a wider contextualization and the importance Culture and the Development of Urban Space: Case Study of gymnasia in the western Mediterranean in the Hel- Pompeii. The term ‘cityscaping’ denotes the process by lenistic/Republican and Roman Imperial periods, which which urban spaces were actively shaped, modeled, and is overall little studied.4 appropriated in ancient cultures. Cityscaping embraces An important reference for the phenomenon of two perspectives: physical modeling and functionalizing physical and intellectual education in the western of urban spaces through their architectural and urban- Mediterranean, for the institution and concept as well as planning configurations (physical cityscaping), as well space and building, is the Greek gymnasium in the east- as literary modeling and functionalizing of urban spaces ern Mediterranean. While this has received much more in texts that either concern the human actors and agents attention than institutions and facilities in the west, the within these spaces or are composed by them (literary Greek gymnasium in the east requires a comprehensive cityscaping).1 reassessment. Ulrich Mania has recently taken up this The project in Pompeii investigates two public challenge and completed a study on Gymnasia in the baths, the Republican Baths and the Stabian Baths, both Hellenistic and Roman Imperial times in the east.5 built in the 2nd century BC, thus in Hellenistic Sam- Inspired by the concept of cityscaping, and by the nite Pompeii, and still used after 80 BC, when Pompeii complementary expertise on eastern (Mania) and west- became a Roman colony. While the Stabian Baths from ern (Trümper) gymnasia, the aim of this conference was the beginning included a palaestra, explicitly referred to to examine the development of gymnasia and their im- as such in an inscription,2 the Republican Baths have pact on cityscapes and urban culture across the Mediter- been identified as key element of a large complex that re- ranean world. The gymnasium was one of the key mon- 1 A note on names and ancient terms: this volume includes papers from only built at the end of 2nd century BC; thus, the original building al- French-Swiss, German, German-Swiss, Greek, and Italian authors. While ready included a palaestra. all papers are written in English, authors follow different traditions 3 Terminology matters, but cannot be discussed in detail here. In the fol- regarding names and ancient terms (e.g. gymnasion vs. gymnasium, lowing, gymnasium stands for facilities for physical and intellectual palaistra vs. palaestra, Aristoteles vs. Aristotle etc.). These traditions have education. been respected and no unification has been enforced here. – Abbrevi- 4 The C-6-8 project is complemented by a Topoi project on water manage- ations of corpora correspond to the lists of abbreviations by DAI and ment in Sicily, A-3-7, which focuses on bathing facilities, among others BBAW, see: https://www.dainst.org/documents/10180/70593/02_Liste- in palaestrae/gymnasia. This project inspired the paper on gymnasia in Abk%C3%BCrzungen_quer.pdf/2c74093b-c8b6-4c6a-8af1-17a155109505 Sicily, see Trümper in this volume. und http://ig.bbaw.de/abklatsche. 5 The manuscript “Gymnasien zwischen Hellenismus und römischer 2 CIL X, 829, inscribed shortly after 80 BC, refers to the restoration ofthe Kaiserzeit. Zur baugeschichtlichen Entwicklung einer Einrichtung der porticus and palaestra, which therefore both must belong to an earlier griechischen Polis. Mit einem Beitrag zu den beiden Gymnasien Prienes” phase. The Topoi project C-6-8 has shown that the Stabian Baths were will be submitted as German Habilitation at the University of Bonn. Ulrich Mania and Monika Trümper (eds.) | Development of Gymnasia and Graeco-Roman Cityscapes | Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 58 (ISBN 978-3-9819685-0-7; ISSN (Print) 2366-6641; ISSN (Online) 2366-665X; DOI 10.17171/3-58) | www.edition-topoi.org 7 ulrich mania, monika trümper uments for the formation of urban space and identity In 2002 and 2007, the Frankfurt research group Wis- in Greek culture, and its transformation was closely in- senskultur und gesellschaftlicher Wandel organized two in- terlinked with changing concepts of cityscaping. Knowl- ternational conferences, on the gymnasium in the Hel- edge as well as transfer of knowledge, ideas and concepts lenistic and the Roman Imperial periods, respectively. were crucial for the spread and long-lasting importance The focus of both conferences was on ancient historical of gymnasia within and beyond the Greek and Roman topics and an analysis of written sources, including dis- world. cussion of military and intellectual training, ephebate, While the Greek gymnasium has been intensely in- gymnasiarchy and gymnasiarchs, and benefactors.10 Ar- vestigated,