Zheng Chen UCSB History 133B Source Exploration Essay Professor Harold Marcuse March 2019 The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: Arthur Moeller van den Bruck and Das Dritte Reich (1927) Biography: Arthur Moeller van den Bruck (1876 – 1925) was one of the most important figure of the UCSB Conservative Revolution in Weimar Germany. In his early years, Moeller van den Bruck lived an impoverished bohemian life, with his only income being royalties of his German translation of Dostoyevsky’s works. While his own works, such as Der Preußische Stil (1916) and Das Recht der Jungen Völker (1919), albeit being the Hist fundaments to Moeller’s anti-democratic and anti-liberal political ideal, received little to no readership and review. In 1919, Moeller cofounded the neoconservative Juniklub along 133Bwith other conservative intellectuals. The Juniklub quickly became one of the most important right-wing hubs in the early 1920s and it was at the Juniklub, in 1921 or 1922, that Moeller had the fateful encounter with a still insignificant Adolf Hitler. However, like Nietzsche whom he often compared himself with, Moeller suffered from syphilitic dementia and had retreated from his dominant role in the Juniklub even before the meeting with Hitler. Nevertheless, Moeller remained intellectually active, and in 1922 published his last book, Das Dritte Reich. ThEssaye work became phenomenal, influencing right-wing groups in Germany and was crucial in the development of Hitler’s National Socialist movement, even if for the phrase das Dritte Reich alone. Suffering from constant nervous breakdowns and depression, Moeller ended his own life in 1925 in an asylum. Although it is not known how much influence Moeller actually asserted on Hitler, or on the emergence of the National Socialist movement, it is known that for at least two times, Moeller’s works were presented as gifts to Hitler, and that a copy of Das Dritte Reich signed by Moeller himself remained in Hitler’s room in the Führerbunker until the Führer’s death.1 Summary: Moeller’s magnum opus, Das Dritte Reich, contained the most comprehensive exposition of his Weltanschauung. It is in this book that Moeller launched his strongest attacks against liberalism, parliamentary democracy, and the decadent political situation of the Weimar 1 Interviewee Otto Günsche, interview by Stan Lauryssens, in The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck. (Stroud, Gloucestershire [England]: Sutton, 1999). 2 Republic. Influenced by the concept of a Third Rome of Dostoevsky and Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Moeller developed the ideal of a Third Reich for Germany. Following the Holy Roman Empire and the Kaiserreich, the Third Reich would represent the fulfillment of German history and the harmonious incorporation of all oppositional social and political tendencies, which would thereupon cease to exist. However, Moeller had no plan for the concrete form of which the empire would take since the concept was “misty, indeterminate, charged with feeling; not of this world but of the next.”2 If the Reich would take form in a republic, it would be a republic where its people participate in spirit through the medium of national values shared by all. Contradictorily, Moeller believed that a strong leadership (that of a Führer belonging to a third party that opposed traditional parties), complemented by willingness on the part of the masses to admit their own inability to lead themselves, stood out asUCSB a requirement for the coming of the Reich. The third party then should be the inspiration of nationalism and conservatism, and be the opposition to liberalism and rationalism. For these romantic yet conservative ideals, most scholars believe that Hitler and his National Socialist movement owed much inspiration to Moeller. But the question of whether Moeller would recognize Hitler and his Nazi regime or not remains an ongoing debate. It is perhaps no coincidence that Moeller’s work became an almost precise prediction of the Nazi ascendency. But one can nevertheless see the discrepancy between the two. While Moeller called for a Reich ofHist spiritual and cultural purity, Hitler insisted on racial purity and other ideals more zealous and radical than Moeller’s. For Otto Strasser, the disagreement was the result of a distortion of Das Dritte Reich by Hitler, who never really understood Moeller’s ideals.3 Nonetheless, Moeller’s Das Dritte Reich, regardless of its monotonous literature style, contributed to the conservative revolution133B that opposed the weak Weimar Republic, and imprinted an eternal sight in the gallery of conservative intellectualism in Germany. Searched Terms: Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, Moeller, van den Bruck, Third Reich, Das Dritte Reich, Hitler, National Socialism, June-Club, Juniklub Results: Essay ● van den Bruck, Arthur Moeller. “The Third Empire.” (1923) In The Weimar Republic Sourcebook. Edited by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi- dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3852&language=english The English version of the excerpt on GHDI. ● van den Bruck, Arthur Moeller. Das Dritte Reich. Berlin: Ring Verlag, 1923. http://germanhistorydocs.ghi- dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=3852&language=german The orginal German text on GHDI. 2 Gerhard Krebs, “Moeller van den Bruck: Inventor of the Third Reich,” in The American Political Science Review 35, no. 6 (December 1941), 1098. 3 Otto Strasser, Hiter and I, trans. Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1940), 27. 3 ● van den Bruck, Arthur Moeller. Das Dritte Reich. Hamburg: Hanseatischer Verlag, 1922. This is the first edition of the book. By 1933, four editions of the book were reprinted by seven different publishers in Germany. Publication of Das Dritte Reich did not stop because of the Nazi ascendency but continued through the decade in Germany until 1942. ● Adam, Reinhard. Moeller van den Bruck. Königsberg Pr.: Gräfe und Unzer, 1933. Adam, a contemporary German observer trying to elucidate the “spiritual foundation… upon which the present national-socialism is based” (Adam, 150) in a presentation before a scholarly society just a week after Hitler came to power in March 1933, declares that those “foundations were essentially laid by a single man: Moeller van den Bruck” (Adam, 150). I did not examine the actual book but took the passage from Wachutka,4 who cites AdamUCSB to reinforce his own claim that Moeller was influential among his contemporaries, and that much homage was paid to him by national-socialist officials up until the early 1930s. ● van den Bruck, Arthur Moeller. Germany’s Third Empire. Translated by Emily Overend Lorimer. University of Michigan Press: G. Allen & Unwin, Limited, 1934, 1971. The first authorized English edition. Its translator, Emily Overend Lorimer was a British linguist and translator of both Das Dritte Reich, and Mein Kampf in the 1930s. She advocated for the concentratedHist study o f the two when both Hitler and National Socialism were not of great concern in Britain.5 ● Strasser, Otto. Hiter and I. Translated by Gwenda David and Eric Mosbacher. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1940. For Strasser, one of the close friends of 133BMoeller, the author of Das Dritte Drite was the Rousseau of the German Revolution. Whereas Hitler on the other hand, is “an incarnation of the principle of destruction” (Strasser, 62). In Strasser’s words, the essence of Moeller’s idea of a Third Reich is one that is “federal, Christian, and European” (Strasser, 27). Clearly, Strasser suggests that Moeller’s Third Reich was not to be built upon racial purity as Hitler asserts, but on a purity that is spiritual, cultural and collective. Alas, Hitler, who plagiarized the ideals of Moeller, “never understoodEssay him” (Strasser, 27). It is important to point out that Strasser remained an opponent of Hitler throughout his lifetime after the latter murdered his brother Gregor Strasser. But the anti-Hitler Nazi’s account, filled with hostility and contempt against Hitler, nevertheless serves as an important source for understanding the relationship between Moeller and Hitler, and the influence that the former had on the latter. It is also significant that the account provides an answer to the debate, where he states that Moeller committed suicide when he realized that Hitler had betrayed his ideas. While this is not verified by any other scholarly works examined here, the testament of Strasser adds a color of mystery to and makes the bohemian and impoverished life of Moeller appear more tragic and legendary than it might have actually been. 4 Michael Wachutka. “A Living Past as the Nation’s Personality: Jinnō shōtōki, Early Shōwa Nationalism, and Das Dritte Reich,” in Japan Review no. 24 (2012). Wachutka is cited as the last work of this exploration. 5 Stone D., "The Mein Kampf Ramp: Emily Overend Lorimer and the Publication of Mein Kampf in Britain", in: The Holocaust, Fascism and Memory, (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2013), 81-95. 4 ● Stirk, S. D. The Prussian Spirit: A Survey of German Literature and Politics, 1914-1940. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1941. In the work, Stirk deems Moeller one of the most influential figures of German conservatism and claims that “Hitler and the National Socialists owe much of their political Weltanschauung to Moeller” (Stirk, 45). In their striving for simplicity, austerity, straight and aspiring lines, and monumentality, Hitler and the Nazi architects took much of their inspiration from and conform in high degree to the “‘Prussian style’ discovered and described by Moeller” (Stirk, 53). Stirk believes Moeller’s Das Dritte Reich played a greater part in German party politics up to 1933 than any other, including Mein Kampf. But the work’s eventual erasure from public appearance by the Nazis (a debatable statement, which this exploration has not examined due to lack of time) was perhaps, as StirkUCSB puts it, due to the ideological dispute between Hitler and Moeller as the Nazis found it impossible to harness Moeller in the service of their racial theories.