UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (IDIS) THE ROLE OF AFRICA STANDBY FORCE IN SECURING AFRICA: A CASE OF THE EASTERN AFRICA STANDBY FORCE BY MAKATO LOISE MWIKALI R50/88442/2016 SUPERVISOR PROF MARIA NZOMO A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DECEMBER 2018 i DECLARATION I, Loise Makato, hereby declare that this research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signed……………………………………… Date…………………………. MAKATO LOISE MWIKALI R50/88442/2016 This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor; Signed……………………………………. Date……………………………. PRO. MARIA NZOMO University Supervisor Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies University of Nairobi ii DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my sons Ryan Muoki, Eythan Makato &Dylan Kimonyi (RED) and in a very special way to my husband Kenneth Mule. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the zeal, privilege, wisdom and guidance to conduct this study. I pay tribute to my family, my sons who endured my absence most of the evenings and weekends over the past year, at times accompanying me to school. Mygood- hearted husbandKenneth Mule who enabled my study as a moral and financial backer deserves a special mention in this regard. Alex Makato and Victorine Kyalo, your support was incomparable, thank you. In Addition, I want to thank my supervisor Professor Maria Nzomo for her unsurpassed guidance and dedication that allowed for a conducive academic process that allowed completion of this study. It was a great honor. All lecturers I interacted with during my coursework, you equipped me for this study. Edith Kigen, Isaac Ayuma in a very special way I express my gratitude to you for your candid support, you made an astounding team. My classmates in the Master of Arts Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies class of 2016-2018 whose contributions through assignments, group discussions and examination preparations are greatly appreciated. Lastly, I pay tribute to those who contributed and participated in this study notably, my interviewees; Lt Col Viator Niyongabo, Mr. Steve Lalande and Major Vincent Rono. I am grateful to the staff at the Eastern Africa Standby Force Secretariat based in Nairobi-Karen, who took time to respond to the questionnaires. Major Munywoki your effort to secure me the interviews is valued. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... xii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background to the study ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ...................................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Research Objectives ................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 The Specific Objectives to the Study ................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Research Gap ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.7 Justification of the study ...................................................................................................... 13 1.7.1 Policy Justification .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.7.2 Academic Justification ................................................................................................................... 14 v 1.8 Research Hypotheses ............................................................................................................ 14 1.9 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 14 1.10 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................................................................... 15 1.11 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................... 15 1.11.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.11.2 Research Site ................................................................................................................................ 16 1.11.3 Target Population ........................................................................................................................ 16 1.11.4 Sample and Sampling Technique ................................................................................................. 16 1.11.5 Data Collection Methods and Instruments .................................................................................. 17 1.11.6 Data Analysis and Presentation ................................................................................................... 17 1.11.7 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................................. 17 1.12 Chapter outline.................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.1 The United Nations ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.1.2 Involvement of UN in Africa ........................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Organization of African Unity (OAU) ................................................................................ 22 2.2.1 Organization of African Unity ........................................................................................................ 23 2.2.3 Regional Economic Communities Collaboration ............................................................................ 25 2.3 Intergovernmental Action on Development ....................................................................... 25 2.4 East African Community ..................................................................................................... 26 2.5 South African Development Community............................................................................ 29 2.6 Economic Community of Central African States .............................................................. 30 2.7 Economic Community of West African States ................................................................... 31 2.8 African Union ........................................................................................................................ 31 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 33 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................... 34 vi 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Eastern Africa Region .......................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Measures to Secure Africa ................................................................................................... 36 3.3.1 African Union ................................................................................................................................