Core Approaches in Counselling and Psychotherapy Core Approaches in Counselling and Psychotherapy is a comprehensive guide to the four main psychological approaches (humanistic, psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive) and introduces several of the most common therapies used today. This textbook contains sufficient coverage to explain all of the most important elements of these core approaches and sufficient depth to provide a detailed analysis of the ten main therapies: person-centred therapy, psychoanalytic therapy, behaviour therapy, cognitive therapy, Gestalt therapy, transactional analysis, rational emotive behaviour therapy, cognitive-behaviour therapy, multimodal therapy and neurolinguistic programming. The book focuses on the development of each approach and presents the associated therapy in its historical and psychological context, giving a deeper insight into the theories and clarifying the overlap between different therapies. Presented in a unique style, with a clear layout, rigorous content and extensive online resources at www.routledge.com/cw/short, Core Approaches in Counselling and Psychotherapy is an invaluable asset for undergraduate and postgraduate students at all levels of study and is the ideal textbook for any degree or higher-level module in counselling. Fay Short lectures on Social Psychology and Psychotherapy, alongside her role as Director for Teaching and Learning in Psychology, at Bangor University. She is a Chartered Psychologist with the British Psychological Society and a member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, and has recently been awarded a highly prestigious National Teaching Fellowship award from the Higher Education Academy. Phil Thomas is Lecturer at Coleg Llandrillo and Bangor University, where he is the Director of the counselling pathway within the Masters in Education. As a qualified teacher and therapist trained to NLP Master Practitioner level, he has a particular interest in the applications of therapy in education. He also provides counselling and supervision within his private practice. This page intentionally left bank Core Approaches in Counselling and Psychotherapy Fay Short and Phil Thomas First published 2015 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex, BN3 2FA and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Fay Short and Phil Thomas The right of Fay Short and Phil Thomas to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Short, Fay. Core approaches in counselling and psychotherapy/Fay Short and Phil Thomas. pages cm 1. Psychotherapy. 2. Counseling psychology. I. Title. RC480.S43 2014 616.89′14—dc23 2014005577 ISBN: 978-1-44416-728-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-74514-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-77339-0 (ebk) Typeset in Frutiger and Joanna by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon, UK To my mum and dad for teaching me the meaning of life and my husband for giving my life meaning. —Fay Short To my family for their love, my tutors for their guidance, my students for their enthusiasm. Finally, to my clients who have given me the opportunity to put my learning into practice. —Phil Thomas To Elaine Ward, Tina Usherwood and Keith Mathews for being willing to demonstrate their excellence on video. —Fay Short and Phil Thomas This page intentionally left bank Contents About the authors ix Preface xi Permissions xiii Guide to the companion website xiv Introduction 1 1 Counselling and psychotherapy 7 Introduction to counselling and psychotherapy 8 Defining counselling and psychotherapy 9 Therapist and client roles in the therapeutic relationship 20 Boundaries and ethics in the therapeutic relationship 38 Appreciating diversity in the therapeutic relationship 53 Approaches, therapies and models 62 2 Humanistic approach and person-centred therapy 77 Introduction to humanistic approach and person-centred therapy 79 Development of the humanistic approach 79 Personal and professional biographies of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow 85 Humanistic theories of human nature and personality 94 Therapeutic relationship in person-centred therapy 110 Therapeutic techniques in person-centred therapy 122 Case study demonstrating person-centred therapy 130 3 Psychodynamic approach and psychoanalytic therapy 137 Introduction to psychodynamic approach and psychoanalytic therapy 139 Development of the psychodynamic approach 139 Personal and professional biographies of Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein 147 viii CONTENTS Psychodynamic theories of human nature and personality 160 Therapeutic relationship in psychoanalytic therapy 175 Therapeutic techniques in psychoanalytic therapy 183 Case study demonstrating psychoanalytic therapy 193 4 Behavioural approach and behaviour therapy 201 Introduction to behavioural approach and behaviour therapy 202 Development of the behavioural approach 203 Personal and professional biographies of Ivan Pavlov, John Broadus Watson and Burrhus Frederic Skinner 207 Behavioural theories of human nature and personality 221 Therapeutic relationship in behaviour therapy 229 Therapeutic techniques in behaviour therapy 232 Case study demonstrating behaviour therapy 240 5 Cognitive approach and cognitive therapy 245 Introduction to cognitive approach and cognitive therapy 246 Development of the cognitive approach 247 Personal and professional biographies of Ulric Neisser and Aaron Beck 253 Cognitive theories of human nature and personality 263 Therapeutic relationship in cognitive therapy 273 Therapeutic techniques in cognitive therapy 278 Case study demonstrating cognitive therapy 283 6 Integrative and eclectic therapies 289 Introduction to integrative and eclectic therapies 291 Gestalt therapy 292 Transactional analysis 321 Rational emotive behaviour therapy 346 Cognitive-behaviour therapy 364 Multimodal therapy 386 Neurolinguistic programming 405 Conclusion 425 Index 427 About the authors FAY SHORT Dr Fay Short is a Senior Lecturer at Bangor University and a Chartered Psychologist with the British Psychological Society. Dr Short initially worked in the field of cognitive neuropsychology investigating our understanding of our physical body – she was presented with a research award from the American Psychological Association for her work on body representation in the virtual world. After the completion of her PhD, she began to expand her research interests to explore the interaction between psychotherapy and education. She has completed two qualifications in teaching (PGCert for Further Education and PGCert for Higher Education) and a Master’s in Education Studies focusing on the applications of psychotherapy in learning environments. She is a member of the Bangor Academy of Teaching Fellows and is a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy – she has recently won the National Union of Students Teacher of the Year award at Bangor University and a highly prestigious National Teaching Fellowship award from the HEA. Alongside her academic role as Director of Undergraduate Studies in Psychology, she lectures in counselling and psychotherapy and supports students through the university counselling service. She is an accredited hypnotherapist, NLP practitioner and practitioner of REBT, and her innovative work on the applications of therapeutic communications skills have led to invitations to present at conferences and public events across the country. PHIL THOMAS Phil Thomas is Lecturer at Llandrillo College and Bangor University. He is the Director of the counselling pathway within the part-time MA in Education Studies, Bangor University. A qualified teacher and therapist, his Master’s Degree dissertation focused on overcoming test anxiety. After completing his counselling qualification, he trained as an NLP Master Practitioner and has an interest in applications of NLP in education. He describes his approach as systematic eclecticism. He provides counselling for students as part of the college counselling service, and supervises counsellors and student mentors within the student services team. He also provides counselling and supervises counsellors within private practice. This page intentionally left bank Preface Counselling and psychotherapy have been described as a ‘talking cure’ and it is certainly true that these processes can offer a successful non-medicinal alternative in the treatment of depression, anxiety, psychosis, etc. But to suggest that therapy is simply a treatment for mental health issues or a crutch for the worried well is to miss the true value of this incredible process. An appreciation of counselling and psychotherapy can offer a unique insight into human nature and a deep understanding of how to connect with another person. Appreciation of the core approaches in counselling and psychotherapy can inform all of our interactions,