Christopher White Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Peter the “rock”? ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Churches change over time ...................................................................................................................... 6 The Church and her earthly pilgrimage .................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1 The Apostle Peter (d. 64?) : First Bishop and Pope of Rome? .................................................. 11 Peter in Rome ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Yes and No .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The death of Peter .................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Pope Sylvester (314-335): Constantine’s Pope ......................................................................... 16 Constantine and his imprint .................................................................................................................... 17 “Remembering” Sylvester ....................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 3 Pope Julius I (337-352) : Father of Christmas Break ................................................................. 18 Away in a Manger, but when? ................................................................................................................ 19 Celebrating Christmas ............................................................................................................................. 20 Chapter 4 Pope Damasus (366-384) and the “Peoples Bible” .................................................................. 20 Tu es Petrus! ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Jerome’s great task ................................................................................................................................. 22 Chapter 5 Leo I “the Great” (440-461) : Defining Our Understanding of the Incarnated Christ .............. 23 Leo and Attila the Hun ............................................................................................................................ 24 Leo’s Tome .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Valentinian’s decree ............................................................................................................................... 27 Chapter 6 Gregory I “the Great” (590-604) The Evangelization of Britain ................................................ 27 Gregory ‘forced’ to become pope ........................................................................................................... 29 Gregory and Purgatory............................................................................................................................ 30 God’s consul ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Chapter 7 Stephen II (752-757) The “Donation of Constantine” and the Papal States ............................. 32 Stephen and the Carolingian line ............................................................................................................ 32 Stephen and the Papal States ................................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 8 Pope Leo III (795-816) The Pope Who Crowned Charlemagne ............................................... 34 1 Charlemagne helps Leo III ....................................................................................................................... 35 The Papal alliance and Christendom ....................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 9 Pope Joan (ca. 9th or 11th century) : The Beloved Pope Who Never Existed ......................... 37 A tale from a darker period? ................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 10 Leo IX (1048-1054) The East-West Schism of the Church ...................................................... 40 Filioque and other grievances ................................................................................................................. 41 A papal legate changes it all.................................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 11 Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) and the Contest of Lay Investiture ......................................... 45 Priestly celibacy becomes the norm ....................................................................................................... 46 Gregory against Lay Investiture .............................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 12 Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Pope of the Crusades ................................................................... 48 A word about Muslim “evangelism” ....................................................................................................... 49 Feudalism ................................................................................................................................................ 50 The crusades come home to roost ......................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 13 Innocent III (1198-1216) The Zenith of Papal Power and the Man from Assisi ..................... 53 Innocent III and the Jews ........................................................................................................................ 54 Innocent’s dream .................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 14 Pope Clement VI (1342-1352) Making the Way Out of Purgatory .......................................... 57 Penance and Purgatory ........................................................................................................................... 58 The treasury of merit .............................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter 15 Martin V (1417-1431) Ending the Western Schism ................................................................ 60 The trouble with the Schism ................................................................................................................... 62 Constance and Conciliarism .................................................................................................................... 63 A large “to do” list for the Council .......................................................................................................... 64 Yes, there was a pope who was a pirate ................................................................................................. 65 Chapter 16 Pope Nicholas V (1447-1455) The Book Collector of Rome ................................................... 66 The brilliance of Nicholas V ..................................................................................................................... 66 Taking advantage of a difficult situation ................................................................................................. 67 Chapter 17 Pope Pius II (1458-1464) Preserving the Ancient World for Posterity .................................... 69 The crusade of Pius II .............................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 18 Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) Exploring and Exploiting New World .................................. 70 The Treaty of Tordesillas ......................................................................................................................... 71 2 Chapter 19 Pope Julius II (1503-1513) Warrior of the Renaissance ......................................................... 72 The ‘wicked pope’ ................................................................................................................................... 73 Julius and Henry VIII ................................................................................................................................ 74 Chapter 20 Pope Leo X (1513-1521) Pope of the Protestant Reformation ............................................. 74 The Pazzi conspiracy .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Albert’s newest acquisition ..................................................................................................................... 76 Martin Luther .........................................................................................................................................