AY 2003-2004 including Prosecutors, Correction, business in the first place. Probation, Parole, and members of other I am very eager to continue my studies related agencies. and believe there is a great need for a Jefferson Davis’s Hungarians: I took part at the regular annual gang global oriented approach in dealing with conference. gang-related and organised crime issues. The Thirteenth Annual National Gang I also believe that we need to apply more Soldiers of Hungarian Birth in the Violence Conference offered the most fundamental international study and focus current information regarding gangs, gang to this increasingly global phenomenon. Confederate Army with a Case Study trends,investigation and information- To this date, I have enjoyed the benefits gathering techniques. The instructors of the International Law Enforcement were specialist in gang-related topics. The Academy professional base. I finished the general sessions, sections and the optional ILEA in 2000 and its director was onfe István Kornél Vida class on basic gang awareness covered the of the persons who recommended my most typical conferences topics.: gangs application for the Fulbright grant. and drugs, asian gangs, black street gangs, Earlier I was one of the members of ............................................................................. hispanic street gangs, skinheads/hate the International Task Force which groups, sociology of gangs, officer safety was established by the FBI in Budapest University of Debrecen, University of Maryland and motorcycle gangs. It was a target point some years ago. One of my colleagues North American Department College Park, MD 20742, USA in my research project. arrived from Los Angeles. I supported The international gangs, for example the him professionally during his existence Institute of English and American Studies dangerous outlaw motorcycle clubs, such in Budapest. In spite of these facts I had 4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1. www.umd.edu as the Hell’s Angels-HAMC- although difficulties in keeping contact the FBI in [email protected] originally from California, US, now have Los Angeles. To reach the goals of my www.unideb.hu Adviser: Leslie S. Rowland developed international networks of work I need in future stronger cooperation chapters or branches around the world. and support of the FBI as well. Canada, Australia, Germeny, France, Recently I belong to the International ............................................................................. Denmark,the Netherlands, United Law Enforcement Cooperation Centre at As a Fulbright postgraduate grantee I conducted research in one of the most neglected areas of Kingdom, Austria and Switzerland all have Hungarian National Police. This Centre Hungarian-American links and contacts: the first major wave of Hungarian political immigrants, chapters of the organization, which retains incorporate the Interpol National Office, who sought refuge in the United States after the defeat of the Hungarian War of Independence of its headquarters in Oakland, California. In Europol National Unit, International and 1848/49 and their participation in the American Civil War. This subject has been dealt with by addition to profit-oriented illegal activities EU Integration Department, Front office only three amateur historians, who often applied unhistorical approaches and their works served such as manufacturing and distribution of and liaison officers( both national and not historical purposes but as a device to create cohesion in the dispersed Hungarian-American metamphetamin, and other drugs, HAMC international), plus the SECI National community and justify its presence in America. Therefore, an objective analysis of the subject is has been known to shelter fugitives from Focal Point. yet to be accomplished, which is the ultimate goal of my doctoral dissertation. The comprehensive one country to another. The HAMC has The Fulbright Scholar Program has been summary of my investigations would go much beyond the scope of this paper, therefore, I propose grownfrom a small group of gang members a wonderful opportunity, it has enriched my here to write just about a tiny fragment of them: the life of Hungarians in the Antebellum South to a multinational criminal organization scientific background, practical experience and their involvement in the Civil War on the Confederate side. To illustrate the difficulties a with over 1300 members. It has more than and has been both professionally and researcher has to face, I also include a case study: a summary of my investigations about the career 100 chapters worldwide. Expansion of this personally rewarding. of Estván Béla, Hungarian cavalry colonel, who served in the Confederate army. OC organization makes threat to former socialist countries, regarding money “[…]Exile is the Emptiness – for however much you brought With you, there’s far more you have left behind. laundering and infiltration into legitimate Exile is the Ego that shrinks, for how you can prove What you were and what you did? Exile is a Song that only the singer can hear […]” 200 201 Anon. Song of Exile AY 2003-2004 Soldiers of Hungarian Birth in the Confederate Army with a Case Study Upon reading the three existing works by the recruiting officers. However, 1. Hungarians in the Land had academic professions (professors, of the subject, those interested in there was another reason as well. To the teachers, physicians, lawyers), and an the Hungarians’ involvement in the Hungarian-American historians, the of “Dixie” equal number of Hungarians worked in American Civil War, can easily come to fact that several Hungarians supported By making use of the geneological the service sector. the conclusion that soldiers of Hungarian the secession from the country, which research aid software named Heritage In order to able to place the Hungarians origin supported only the Northern cause provided shelter to them after the defeat Quest Online, which makes all the census on the contemporary social spectrum, we and wore the blue uniform of the Union of the Hungarian War of Independence of data accessible and allows us to search for have to investigate the real and personal army. The three amateur historians 1848/49, seemed to weaken the legitimacy the country of birth in the database, which estate properties of Hungarians. As far as (Eugene Pivány, Edmund Vasváry and of the Hungarian-American community. is the only possible way to confirm one’s real estates are concerned, there were huge Tivadar Ács), who entertained the subject, Therefore, historians, who would like to nationality, in the Census of 1860, we can differences, as some had only a couple of paid very little attention to the Hungarian study the history of people of Hungarian find 1,141 Hungarian household heads in tens of dollars worth property, whereas immigrants who chose to settle down origin in Dixie and the Confederate the United States. About 11% per cent of the value of László Újházy’s estate in South of the Mason-Dixon line, and Army, have no other option, but virtually them settled down in the Southern States, Texas was above $10,000. On a per capita devoted at the outmost a single chapter in start from the scratch. The subject of and in these family units there were 310 basis, the average Southern Hungarian their books to the Hungarian soldiers in this paper is a just a tiny fragment of a people, including those under-age and the was worth $2,344, consecutively, consid- the Confederate army.55 work-in-progress research project, the elderly. The two centers of Hungarians in erably poorer than the average South- There are two possible reasons for intended end-product of which is the first the Confederacy were Louisiana (New erner ($3,978). This was partly due to this negligence. The overwhelming comprehensive study of scholarly quality Orleans was the only possible major the fact that the Southern society was less majority of the official documents of the of the first major wave of Hungarian Southern port of entry for immigrants) receptive towards people of foreign birth Confederate government – including immigrants to the U.S. in the 1850’s in and Texas. More than half of the Southern than that of the North, and not a single those of the War Department – were general, and the Hungarian involvement Hungarians lived in these two states, Hungarian had a job linked directly to the destroyed, when the capital, Richmond, in the American Civil War in particular. whereas in most of the others one can find plantation system, which proved the most Va. was abandoned towards the end of Here I take the career of one participant, sporadic Hungarian presence, particularly profitable sector. the Civil War; the remaining ones – Béla Estván, as a case study, because it is in Mississippi and North Carolina. regimental rosters, pay-rolls etc. – do not not only adventurous, but shows the diffi- - The majority of them were single males make the identification of Hungarians culties the researcher of the subject has to in their early thirties. Most of the married 2. Hungarians in the easier either, as the soldiers’ country of face as well. had non-Hungarian spouses, which is not Confederate Army birth was generally not written down First of all, it is essential to say a couple surprising at all, considering the fact that As a Fulbright visiting researcher in of words about the Hungarians living in there were hardly any single females in Washington, DC, I have carried out the Southern states around the time of the this first wave of Hungarian immigrants. 55 These three books are: Eugene research in the National Archives and outbreak of the Civil War. (When I refer It is worth examining the occupation Pivány, Hungarians in the American the Library of Congress, investigated to the ‘South’ thenceforward, I have the patterns of Hungarians as well. 37 per Civil War. (Cleveland, 1913); Edmund the service records of the Civil War, the would-be states of the Confederate States cent of them worked as skilled craftsmen Vasváry.