SAFETY State of Global Aviation Safety ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Foreword Coordinated, Risk-based Approach to Improving Global Aviation Safety The air transport industry plays a major role in global The ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) presents economic activity and development. One of the key elements the strategy in support of the prioritization and to maintaining the vitality of civil aviation is to ensure safe, continuous improvement of aviation safety. The GASP secure, efficient and environmentally sustainable operations sets the goals and targets and outlines key safety at the global, regional and national levels. enhancement initiatives (SEIs). These global and regional initiatives are established and monitored on the basis A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International of safety management principles. Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international This year, ICAO publishes a special edition of the annual civil aviation throughout the world. safety report on the occasion of the 75th Anniversary of the Organization and the convening of the 40th Session ICAO promulgates Standards and Recommended Practices of the ICAO Assembly. This special edition, which (SARPs) to facilitate harmonised regulations in aviation presents the state of global aviation safety, is structured safety, security, efficiency and environmental protection on in alignment with the GASP and the Global Air Navigation a global basis. Today, ICAO manages over 12 000 SARPs Plan (GANP) which provides global strategic guidelines across the 19 Annexes and five Procedures for Air Navigation to drive the evolution of the air navigation system. This Services (PANS) to the Convention on International Civil report provides a comprehensive account of ICAO’s safety Aviation (Chicago Convention), many of which are constantly achievements over the past 75 years and updates on evolving in tandem with latest developments and innovations. safety performance indicators (SPIs), including accidents ICAO serves as the primary forum for co-operation in all that occurred in 2018, and related risk factors. Results fields of civil aviation among its 193 Member States. of analysis from the 2014–2018 reports are used as benchmarks for comparison, although it must be noted Improving the safety of the global air transport system that numbers presented in this report may not exactly is ICAO’s guiding and most fundamental strategic match earlier editions due to data updates during the objective. The Organization works constantly to address intervening period. and enhance global aviation safety through the following coordinated activities: • Policy and Standardization; • Monitoring of key safety trends and indicators; • Safety Analysis; and • Implementing programmes to address safety issues. ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition 3 © 2019, International Civil Aviation Organization Published in Montréal, Canada International Civil Aviation Organization 999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 5H7 www.icao.int Disclaimer This report makes use of information, including air transport and safety related data and statistics, which is furnished to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) by third parties. All third party content was obtained from sources believed to be reliable and was accurately reproduced in the report at the time of printing. However, ICAO specifically does not make any warranties or representations as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of such information and accepts no liability or responsibility arising from reliance upon or use of the same. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect individual or collective opinions or official positions of ICAO Member States. Note: The ICAO Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) regions are used in the report and are listed in Appendix 1. This document focuses primarily on scheduled commercial flights. The scheduled commercial flights data was based on the Official Airline Guide (OAG) combined with internal ICAO preliminary estimates. 4 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition Contents Table of Contents Foreword ......................................................................3 The ICAO Runway Safety Programme .........................46 Executive Summary ........................................................6 The Global Reporting Format (GRF) for runway surface conditions ..................................... 49 Aviation Safety Milestones over the Past 75 Years .............9 Introduction of “Online Airworthiness Implementation of Global Aviation Safety Plan ................. 13 Information Network” ................................................ 51 Effective Implementation of Introduction of the clean Aircraft Concept Safety Oversight System (SSO) ................................... 13 for Winter Operations ................................................53 Implementation Support for Safety Management .......... 17 Introducing ICAO’s Aircraft Type Designator Safety Management Manual, Fourth Edition on-line website .........................................................55 with Complementary SMI Website ........................... 17 Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) ................ 57 Safety Management Tools ....................................... 17 Operational Trial of Advanced Surveillance Enhanced Safety Management Symposia and Workshops ......... 19 Procedural Separation using Space-Based Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast ..............................60 ICAO Technical Assistance Activities ...........................20 Fatigue Management .................................................62 Safety Recommendations Addressed to ICAO .................. 21 The evolution of visual aids in enhancing Accident Statistics and Analysis – aerodrome safety ...................................................... 67 Scheduled Commercial Air Transport ..............................22 ICAO Language Proficiency Requirements: Occurrence, Overall Safety Performance Indicator – Developments and Associated Documents ................... 69 Global Accident Rate .................................................22 ICAO actions to assist with safe High-Risk Accident Occurrence Categories ................... 23 Humanitarian Operations ........................................... 72 Regional Accident Statistics ....................................... 25 Addressing the Lack of Qualified Technical Personnel: Accidents by RASG Region ........................................ 26 the Development of the ICAO Civil Aviation Safety Inspectors Tool (CASI-T) ............................................ 73 Accident Trends ........................................................ 27 Aircraft Nationality and Registration ............................ 76 GSIE Harmonized Accident Rate ................................. 28 Aerodrome Certification – Key to Safe and Efficient Appendix 1 .................................................................32 Aerodrome Operations ............................................... 79 Regional Aviation Safety Group (RASG) Regions ........... 32 The Introduction of ICAO Designators .......................... 81 RASG-AFI (48)......................................................32 The evolution of the airborne collision avoidance RASG-APAC (39) ..................................................33 system (ACAS) and introduction of ACAS X ..................83 RASG-EUR (56) ....................................................33 ICAO provisions for wildlife strikes hazard RASG-MID (15) ....................................................33 reduction in aerodromes ...........................................85 RASG-PA (35) ......................................................33 Introducing the Global Navigation Satellite System in Civil Aviation Use .......................................88 Appendix 2 .................................................................34 Forecasting and warning to improve List of Scheduled Commercial Accidents in 2018 .........34 flight safety and efficiency .........................................90 Accident Categories .................................................. 37 “Urban Air Mobility”: Is This a Different Way Appendix 3 .................................................................38 of Saying “Aviation in Cities”? .....................................93 Important Facts about Aviation Safety .........................38 Achieving Effective Safety Management ICAO’s 75th Anniversary: Celebrating Implementation ........................................................96 the pivotal importance of safety .............................. 39 Challenges the Aviation Industry is Facing ..................... 100 Underwater Locator Devices ...................................40 Innovation in Aviation Introduces New Challenges ...... 100 Cabin Safety Improvement ...................................... 41 The Challenges of a Digital Transformation Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Systems: of the Global Civil Aviation System ............................ 101 Replacing the Halon ..............................................43 New Entrants in Lower Level Airspace ...................... 104 ICAO Safety Report 2019 Edition 5 Executive Summary Executive Summary Yearly accident statistics indicate an increase in both the of 2.4 accidents per million departures. The accidents used total number of accidents as well as the global accident rate for these statistics