HYBRIDITY ON THE GROUND IN PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT CRITICAL CONVERSATIONS HYBRIDITY ON THE GROUND IN PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT CRITICAL CONVERSATIONS EDITED BY JOANNE WALLIS, LIA KENT, MIRANDA FORSYTH, SINCLAIR DINNEN AND SRINJOY BOSE PACIFIC AFFAIRS SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN(s): 9781760461836 (print) 9781760461843 (eBook) This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents Foreword . vii Preface . ix Introduction . 1 Lia Kent, Srinjoy Bose, Joanne Wallis, Sinclair Dinnen and Miranda Forsyth Section One — Theorising Hybridity 1 . The ‘Hybrid Turn’: Approaches and Potentials . 21 M . Anne Brown 2 . Power, Politics and Hybridity . 37 Paul Jackson and Peter Albrecht 3 . Hybridity Revisited: Relational Approaches to Peacebuilding in Complex Sociopolitical Orders . 51 Charles T . Hunt 4 . Should the Concept of Hybridity Be Used Normatively as well as Descriptively? . .. 67 Miranda Forsyth 5 . Is There Still a Place for Liberal Peacebuilding? . 83 Joanne Wallis 6 . Against Hybridity in the Study of Peacebuilding and Statebuilding . 99 Shahar Hameiri and Lee Jones Section Two — Hybridity and Peacebuilding 7 . Hybridisation of Peacebuilding at the Local–International Interface: The Bougainville Case . 115 Volker Boege 8 . Reflections on Hybridity as an Analytical Lens on State Formation: The Case of Solomon Islands . 129 Sinclair Dinnen and Matthew Allen 9 . Engaging with ‘The Everyday’: Towards a More Dynamic Conception of Hybrid Transitional Justice . 145 Lia Kent 10 . Post-hybridity Bargaining and Embodied Accountability in Communities in Conflict, Mozambique . 163 Victor Igreja 11 . Hybrid Peacebuilding in Hybrid Communities: A Case Study of East Timor . 181 James Scambary and Todd Wassel Section Three — Hybridity, Security and Politics 12 . Hybrid Peace/War . 203 Gavin Mount 13 . (In)Security and Hybrid Justice Systems in Mindanao, Philippines . 217 Imelda Deinla Section Four — Hybridity and Gender 14 . Inside and Out: Violence against Women and Spatiality in Timor-Leste . 237 Damian Grenfell 15 . Hybridity and Regulatory Authority in Fiji: Vernacular Perspectives on Gender and Security . 253 Nicole George 16 . Hybridity in Port Moresby: Gender, Class and a ‘Tiny Bit of Feminism’ in Postcolonial Papua New Guinea . 271 Ceridwen Spark Contributors . 287 References . 293 Foreword A group of scholars based at several Australian universities have long been influential in the development of our understanding of hybrid political order. The term was first used in relation to peacebuilding (to the best of my knowledge) by Kevin Clements, Volker Boege, Anne Brown, Wendy Foley and Anna Nolan in a now seminal paper published in 2007 called ‘State Building Reconsidered: The Role of Hybridity in the Formation of Political Order’ in Political Science. A bolt out of the prescriptive liberal blue, it turned this field of debate on its head. Discussions of agency, particularly local agency, of the possibility of new political forms—of resistance, but also of the risks of neocolonial forms of administration—suddenly swung into our view. They formed part of a broader and emerging intersection between liberal, Marxist and postcolonial thought, and the use of this concept has proliferated enormously ever since. It is now the mainstay of policy thinking in conflict- affected societies around the world, as well as the target of much academic debate. Hybridity is nothing if not highly complex and controversial, but it has attracted the interest of many academic and policy quarters because of its intuitive and easily observable empirical dimensions: relationality in a rapidly globalising and fluid world. It also points to power inequalities and injustices, to the painful yet plausible potential of rubbing along together after conflict, as well as to the prescriptive over-reach of liberal interventionism on the post–Cold War world. Somewhere between the liberal peace, its interventionary nature and individualist/constructivist rationalities and the older concepts associated with anti-colonialism and non-alignment, a real sense of the current reality of peace and order in the periphery began to emerge, with both unnoticed positives as well as obvious dangers. vii HYBRIDITY ON THE GROUND IN PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT Thus, it is very apt that this important discussion is carried forward in this volume, including by some of the concept’s original scholars. What has become clear over the time that this concept has come into use is that it can be used in negative ways (to indicate or even camouflage neo-trusteeship or counter-insurgency) and in positive ways, where it takes an important place in the production of new political orders, in which rights are expanded and peace is more sustainable. In my own work I have used the notion of post-liberalism to point to this potential as a way of escaping problems in particular relating to the limits of liberalism in Eurocentric form. At a workshop in Canberra in December 2015 (where I was present) held to discuss the draft chapters for this volume, it became clear how widely entangled the dynamics of hybridity are, across so many issues from rights, identity, indigeneity, materiality, local governance, justice, reconciliation, sustainability, the nature of the state and international system, globalisation and the commons, to name but a few. It begins to bring a far more complex view of peace and order, one that accentuates the open and hidden violence of more parsimonious approaches. Indeed, as an epistemological framework, with methodological–ethical sets of tools, it offers a completely new ontology of relationality across at least four dimensions as opposed to the black-and-white world of rational self-interest. Due to the work of the scholars included in this study, it is gradually becoming clear that another world is not just ‘possible’ but is already in existence and that concepts and thinking about peace and peacebuilding need to respond. This volume continues this important research agenda. Oliver P. Richmond viii Preface The further we advance into the twenty-first century, the broader spreads the realisation that we are moving deeper into a ‘post-Western’ world. Ideas and institutions developed in Europe and North America, which came to dominate global orders and expectations, are becoming less and less authoritative as new, non-Western centres of power rise and as precolonial ideas and institutions reassert themselves. The big question, of course, is what a post-Western world will look like. For those of us sceptical of a future shaped by a ‘clash of civilisations’, our contemporary world provides abundant evidence of the interplay and mutual influence of different cultural approaches to order—or as the scholars writing in this book call it, ‘hybridity’. This collection of essays represents the product of a sustained intellectual conversation that took place over the course of a seminar series and a workshop held at The Australian National University during 2015. Like many fruitful academic collaborations, this one had its gestation in informal conversations and deliberations among a group of scholars based at the time in the ANU Coral Bell School of Asia Pacific Affairs. This group applied for, and was awarded, a small grant to organise the Bell School’s inaugural Horizons Seminar Series in 2015. The Horizons Series aims to nurture interdisciplinary conversations and research collaborations among scholars working on diverse aspects of social and political change in the Asia–Pacific region. ‘Hybridity: History, Power and Scale’ was the theme chosen for the inaugural seminar series. The seminar series brought together scholars from a range of disciplinary backgrounds whose work engaged in some way or another with the concept of hybridity. Areas of research represented included peacebuilding, state formation, legal pluralism, transitional justice, security governance and development. The series culminated in an international workshop in December 2015 that engaged critically with core themes that had emerged ix HYBRIDITY ON THE GROUND IN PEACEBUILDING AND DEVELOPMENT during the course of the seminar series. As well as those who had presented seminars, the organisers invited a number of additional speakers and participants, including Oliver Richmond, one of the foremost authorities on hybridity in the critical peacebuilding field, and Hilary Charlesworth, a leading scholar in the fields of international law, human rights and gender. Other participants included Anne Brown and Volker Boege, who, along with other colleagues at the University of Queensland, had developed the concept of ‘hybrid political orders’; Helene Maria Kyed, who has utilised the concept of hybridity in the context of policing and legal pluralism; Shahar Hameiri, who has undertaken extensive critical analysis of contemporary statebuilding practice; Peter Albrecht, who has examined the nature of hybrid authority at the level of local governance; Matthew Allen and Sinclair Dinnen, who have deployed the concept of scalar politics as an analytical alternative