In the Future, Toward Death: Finance Capitalism and Security in DeLillo’s Cosmopolis Johannes Voelz ABSTRACT This essay aims to come to terms with the cultural appeal of security, which—so this ar- ticle contends—is better understood as a fascination with insecurity. The essay focuses on Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis in order to show that this novel stages the appeal of (in)security as rest- ing on its promise to offer an alternative to the future-fixation of the risk regime of financial capitalism. In Cosmopolis, financial risk and the contemporary cult of security come together as two thematic axes. The future-mindedness of financial risk management is counteracted by the threat constructions that drive the concern with security and that emphasize finitude and mortality. The preoccupation with security enables a turn to existential matters that the virtual abstractions of finance have seemingly made inaccessible. While proposing an opposition be- tween a logic of risk based on virtuality and a logic of security based on authenticity, DeLillo’s novel also suggests that it is impossible to break out of the logic of risk management pervading late modernity. The appeal of security articulated in this novel rather lies in the promise to ex- istentially revitalize life within the confines of financialized capitalism. Don DeLillo may justly be considered America’s foremost novelist of terror- ism. From his earliest works, like Players (1977) and The Names (1982), to his magisterial Libra (1989) and Mao II (1991), down to his 9/11-novel Falling Man (2007), the figure of the terrorist has ambiguously embodied both the culmina- tion of a postmodern culture controlled by media representations and the violent kernel of the real that breaks with the primacy of the sign. In the most recent ad- ditions to his oeuvre, Don DeLillo has re-calibrated this long-standing fictional exploration of terrorism by turning his attention to the theme of security. In par- ticular, Cosmopolis (2003) and Point Omega (2010) address different aspects of the imposing presence of security in contemporary U.S. culture. Eric Packer, the protagonist of Cosmopolis, is obsessed with his private security apparatus, while Richard Elster, in Point Omega, has made a career as a consultant for the security strategists of the state. In the pages that follow, I will explore the functions this turn to security has had for DeLillo, and I will do so in order to speculate on the larger uses security has for contemporary culture. In order to devlop my argu- ment, I will concentrate on Cosmopolis as this novel shows that the concern with security allows DeLillo to ruminate, in the mode of fiction, on the possibilities and limits of a quasi-existentialist quest for a life that is attuned to a temporal orientation of being toward death as well as to the physicality of the body. In DeLillo’s earlier novels, the terrorist as type tended to embody a force that had the capacity to resist what these texts conceptualized as the virtualization of 506 Johannes Voelz a late-capitalist world saturated with commodities and accessible only in mass- mediated form. This is true even if DeLillo’s terrorists, too, had to work within the logic of media spectacle. The turn to security allows DeLillo to emancipate the promise to break through the shields of the virtual from the figure of the terror- ist. He thus manages to narratively explore a generalized experience of life under threat. The importance of threat in DeLillo’s security novels already suggests a key premise about the literary life of security: the concern with security is less about feelings of safety and freedom from worry than it is about a confrontation with insecurity. I will expand my understanding of the concept of security in the opening sec- tion of this essay by contrasting it to the now dominant understanding of secu- rity, which comprehends security as a tool of affective politics. These conceptual considerations will help situate security in the larger framework of the uses of uncertainty in modernity. I will then move to Cosmopolis and detail how De- Lillo develops the theme of security in dialogue with that of financial risk. In order to understand how the presence of security in Cosmopolis instigates a turn to questions often associated with existential philosophy, it will be necessary to show in detail how the novel positions the concern with security in relation to the technologies and temporality of financialization. It should be made clear from the outset that DeLillo resists a simple opposition between the virtuality of fi- nancial speculation and the existential dimension of physical life addressed by threats to security. Rather, the novel insists that once life has been thoroughly financialized, it is no longer possible to simply ‘return to the real,’ to use Hal Foster’s resonant phrase. Yet rather than dampening the appeal of security, this caveat only boosts its promise. Security manages both to counteract the virtual- ity of speculation (in that it brings into focus our physical vulnerability) and to join forces with the virtual, for similar to the risk-driven world of finance capital- ism, security acts on the present by creating scenarios of the future which are by definition mere potentials. I. Security, Fear, and the Limits of Affect Theory Over the last decades, political theorists, social scientists, and critical human- ists have explored how the logic, discourse, and practice of security have come to constitute a political rationality that threatens to undermine the principles of de- mocracy and to delegitimize basic rights. Starting from this important critical in- sight, a frequently rehearsed argument proposes that people react to the confron- tation with insecurity (as defined by authorities) in such a way that they are willing to stomach all kinds of odious measures—if only these measures promise to make them feel secure once more. The concern with security, from this vantage point, is all about the alleviation of fear. Security is seen both as a norm and operative trig- ger of a ‘culture of fear.’1 Joseph Masco summarizes this position: “By amplifying 1 The phrase “culture of fear” was popularized by sociologist Barry Glassner in his study Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things (1999). For an emphasis of the In the Future, Toward Death 507 official terror and public anxiety, the U.S. security apparatus powerfully remade itself in the early twenty-first century, proliferating experts, technological infra- structures, and global capacities in the name of existential defense” (1). In his explanation of why people accept the rationality of security, Masco fol- lows a line of argument that has become increasingly influential since the rise of affect theory: his book “traces how the affective politics of the Cold War nuclear state both enabled, and—after 2001—were transformed into those of the coun- terterror state” (2). Put succinctly, this explanation hinges on the idea that state officials can control the population through a manipulation of collective affects.2 If the affect theory approach to security tends to amount to a theoretically unsatisfactory behaviorism, which presumes that a population can be controlled directly through the manipulation of affect, we need to come up with alternative answers to the question of why the concept of security has had such persuasive force in public discourse.3 Finding such alternatives requires rethinking the very concept of security. While we ought not lose our critical perspective on how se- curity is deployed for anti-democratic, oppressive, and violent policies, we also should not presume that we already know what security is. For this reason, I ar- gue, it is helpful to look to literature, for an important strand that runs throughout the history of American fiction has approached the problems of security and in- security by valorizing them in a diametrically opposed fashion to today’s critical discourse. Across different genres and periods, American writers from the early republic to the present have shared an unspoken conviction: the concern with security allows us to explore, experience, make use of, and even take pleasure in insecurity. In the worlds created by this literature, insecurity is much more than a fearful encounter with threat. Being insecure creates new possibilities and opens production of fear in the media, see David Altheide, Creating Fear and Terrorism. For the po- litical grounding of fear, see, for instance, Uli Linke’s and Danielle Taana Smith’s introduction to Cultures of Fear: A Critical Reader, and Corey Robin’s Fear: The History of a Political Idea. For an argument that emphasizes the link between fear and state violence, see Talal Asad 29-31. 2 Brian Massumi, one of the leading proponents of affect theory, has developed the same claim in a series of essays going back to the early 1990s. In a 2005 article, Massumi applied this idea to the Bush administration, which, Massumi effectively claims, had managed to create a re- mote-control for the body politic by installing a color alert system after 9/11: “Addressing bodies from the dispositional angle of their affectivity, instead of addressing subjects from the positional angle of their ideations, shunts government function away from the mediations of adherence or belief and toward direct activation” (34). While the advisory system may indeed have been de- signed to work roughly as theorized by Massumi, it soon turned out to serve as an excellent case study for the practical failure of affect management as “direct activation.” Even the Department of Homeland Security had to concede this. In its 2009 report, the “Homeland Security Advisory System Task Force” came to the conclusion that “at its best, there is currently indifference to the Homeland Security Advisory System and, at worst, there is a disturbing lack of public confidence in the system” (1).